2.  Coal- solid fuel formed from plants ~ 300 MYA  Four types of coal ranked fr o m lesser to greater age, exposure to pressure, and energy content.  Partner talk: which type of coal do you think is more common, bituminous or anthracite? Why? Coal Less energy densityMore energy density

3. AdvantagesDisadvantages Energy-denseContains impurities PlentifulRelease impurities into air when burned Easy to exploit by surface miningTrace metals like mercury, lead, and arsenic are found in coal Technological demands are smallCombustion leads to increased levels of sulfur dioxide and other air pollutants into the atmosphere. Economic costs are lowAsh is left behind Easy to handle and transportCarbon is released into the atmosphere which contributes to climate change Needs little refiningMining can be dangerous to miners! Advantages and Disadvantages of Coal

4.  Petroleum- a mixture of hydrocarbons, water, and sulfur that occurs in underground deposits.  Formed from ocean-dwelling phytoplankton that died 50-150 million years ago.  Countries with the most petroleum are Saudi Arabia, Russia, the United States, Iran, China, Canada, and Mexico. Petroleum

5.  All 3 North American countries are in the top 6 petroleum producers.  So why do you think we have to import so much oil from the middle east? What are some of the consequences of this?

6. Partner Talk What does the geology reading from chapter 8 (tectonic plates) have to do with this picture?

7. AdvantagesDisadvantages Convenient to transport and use Releases CO 2 into atmosphere More energy dense than coalPossibility of leaks when extracted and transported Cleaner-burning than coalBurning releases: S, Hg, Pb, As into the atmosphere when burned Must be refined Advantages and Disadvantages of Petroleum

8.  Natural gas- exists as a component of petroleum in the ground  Also found in gaseous deposits separate from petroleum  Contains 80 to 95 percent methane and 5 to 20 percent ethane, propane, and butane. Natural Gas

9. AdvantagesDisadvantages Contains fewer impurities and therefore emits almost no sulfur dioxide or particulates (we can burn it safely inside!) When unburned, methane escapes into the atmosphere – greenhouse gas  Emits only 60% as much carbon dioxide as coal VERY energy dense! Exploration and extraction of natural gas has the potential of contaminating groundwater Advantages and Disadvantages Natural Gas Fracking (hydraulic fracturing) was on last year’s AP Exam. Most students thought it was a typo! You should know a little about this process! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=timfvNgr_Q4

10.  Bitumen (tar or pitch)- a degraded type of petroleum  Tar sands = mixed bitumen, water, sand, clay  Difficult and expensive to mine and refine into useful oil Oil Sands (Tar Sands)

11. http://action.nextgenclimate.org/pag e/content/barn-video-share/

12.  If tar sands are so difficult and expensive to mine and refine, why are we even talking about it?  Why is Keystone XL significant?

13.  Peak oil –  Peak oil – when world oil production reaches a maximum - after this we continually produce less and less oil each year  Eventually run out of oil. The Hubbert Curve

15.  If current global use continues, we may “run out” of conventional oil in less than 40 years.  We will probably ALWAYS have some oil, just not enough for our current uses and too costly  Economics! Tar sands aren’t profitable unless oil sells for over $70 a barrel. That only happened in the last decade (2005)  Coal supplies will last for at least 200 years, and probably much longer. The Future of Fossil Fuel Use

16.  What are some social, economic, and environmental impacts of extracting these fossil fuels?  Write down 2 of each.