DIGESTION process includes… -HYDROLYSIS -NUTRIENT ABSORPTION

What is hydrolysis? How can enzymes assist in digestion? Quick review… What is hydrolysis? HYDROLYSIS: The process of BREAKING bonds in polymers, forming monomers. Occurs by adding water. ENZYMES: Catalysts that speed up the process of chemical reactions. What is the function of enzymes? Enzymes will assist in hydrolysis of all biomolecules in our food, allowing digestion to happen efficiently! How can enzymes assist in digestion?

Remember levels of organization? Digestive System Remember levels of organization? Where are we now? Atom  Molecule  Macromolecule  Organelle  Cell  Tissue  Organ  Organ System  Organism!

FUNCTION OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: process by which macromolecule polymers are broken down into their smallest parts (monomers) so the body can absorb and utilize them

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Digestive Tract (Alimentary Canal): 1. Mouth and pharynx 2. Esophagus 3. Stomach 4. Small Intestine 5. Large Intestine 6. Rectum 7. Anus Accessory Organs (helpers): A. Salivary Glands B. Liver C. Gall Bladder D. Pancreas

Remember… Starches are complex carbohydrates! MOUTH digestion begins here 1. Physical/Mechanical Digestion= Chewing 2. Chemical Digestion= Saliva has AMYLASE, an enzyme that breaks down starch (polysaccharides) into smaller parts.

SALIVARY GLANDS TONGUE PHARYNX/EPIGLOGTTIS Produce saliva (with amylase enzyme) TONGUE A muscle that pushes food back. PHARYNX/EPIGLOGTTIS OPENING IN THE “THROAT”/SMALL FLAP OF SKIN THAT KEEPS FOOD FROM ENTERING THE LUNGS.

ESOPHAGUS Connects mouth to stomach Peristalsis: muscle contractions that move food down.

The stomach and mouth have both mechanical and chemical digestion. 1. Physical/mechanical digestion: muscle churning 2. Chemical digestion: Pepsin-enzyme breaks down proteins Hydrochloric Acid Food leaves in a liquid form called chyme. The stomach and mouth have both mechanical and chemical digestion.

LIVER GALLBLADDER GALLBLADDER DUCT Produce bile: a chemical that breaks lipids into fatty acids GALLBLADDER STORES THE BILE UNTIL IT IS RELEASED. GALLBLADDER DUCT RELEASES THE BILE INTO THE DUODENUM.

EX: LIPASE, PROTEASE, MALTASE, SUCRASE, LACTASE… PANCREAS SYNTHESIZES, OR BUILDS: HORMONES AND MANY ENZYMES RELEASED INTO THE DUODENUM. EX: LIPASE, PROTEASE, MALTASE, SUCRASE, LACTASE…

DUODENUM BEGINNING OF THE SMALL INTESTINES used to help break down remaining polymers CHEMICAL DIGESTION: Enzymes from the pancreas and gallbladder come flooding over the chyme. Hydrolysis of the remaining biomolecule polymers happens here.

SMALL INTESTINE NUTRIENTS (NOW MONOMERS) ARE ABSORBED BY THE SMALL INTESTINAL VILLI. 7 meters long! The villi takes nutrients through the blood to cells of the body.

LARGE INTESTINE RECTUM AND ANUS WATER IS ABSORBED INTO THE BLOOD STREAM, LEAVING ONLY SOLID WASTE. RECTUM AND ANUS REMOVES WASTE.

APPENDIX SMALL EXTENSION OF THE LARGE INTESTINES. Thought to have had a digestive purpose in our ancestors.

The End