Water Purification Comparison Ultrafiltration Reverse Osmosis UV Disinfection www.sunshineworks.com

Where does your water come from? Municipal water supply Well Lake Bore hole Cistern www.sunshineworks.com

What is in your water? Bacteria- e. coli, other coliforms Viruses Parasites – Giardia, Cryptosporidium Pesticides Fecal matter Algae Medications dissolved in drinking water Dissolved solids – salts, minerals, heavy metals Suspended solids – dirt, silt www.sunshineworks.com

How Filtration Systems Work Ultrafiltration sieves out contaminants by molecular size and weight. Reverse Osmosis sieves out contaminants AND removes dissolved solids (salts, minerals, metals and other ions). Both Reverse Osmosis and Ultrafiltration systems create a barrier to remove contaminants. Pore size is extremely small on reverse osmosis systems and a bit larger on ultrafiltration systems. The pore size affects the amount of pressure, and therefore energy, required to push the water through the membrane. www.sunshineworks.com

Filter Membrane www.sunshineworks.com

Size Matters www.sunshineworks.com

What Filtration Systems Remove www.sunshineworks.com

Ultrafiltration In Use Physical barrier to contaminants Removes bacteria, viruses, parasites, pesticides, medications, algae, dirt, silt and other suspended solids Low energy requirement Good for lakes, streams, wells Not for seawater or brackish water www.sunshineworks.com

Ultrafiltration www.sunshineworks.com

Definition of Reverse Osmosis High pressure feed water is forced against a dense, membrane surface. Water molecules diffuse through the membrane leaving the concentrated salts, other ions and contaminants behind. www.sunshineworks.com

Reverse Osmosis in Use Removes dissolved salts, minerals, metals and sugars Removes algae, bacteria, viruses, parasites, pesticides, medications, dirt, silt and other suspended solids. Best method for producing very pure water. Only viable method for large volume desalination of brackish water or seawater. Energy intensive Requires prefiltration www.sunshineworks.com

Reverse Osmosis For Salt Water www.sunshineworks.com

Ultra Violet Light system In Use Feed water flows past an ultra violet light bulb. The UV rays destroy the DNA in organisms. Effectiveness is determined by water clarity, flow rate and UV ray output. www.sunshineworks.com

Ultra Violet Light Kills DNA www.sunshineworks.com

Ultra Violet Light Pros and Cons Effectiveness-UV light destroys DNA in bacteria and viruses, effectively killing the organism. The light source must be sufficiently bright and the feed water must have the proper flow rate to be effective. Difficult to determine effectiveness without lab testing. Turbidity-Dissolved solids that turn water dark will also block UV light, making it much less effective. The feed water must be absolutely clear to effectively kill all the organisms. Limitations UV only kills microorganisms. UV cannot remove salts, minerals, heavy metals, pesticides and other inorganic compounds from water. Best as a final stage after ultrafiltration or reverse osmosis. www.sunshineworks.com

Ultrafiltration or Ultra Violet Designed for PRETREATED WATER UV is NOT A BARRIER to contaminating organisms. Effectiveness depends on water CLARITY, flow rate and bulb position UV has NO SIMPLE FIELD TEST Requires POWER to illuminate Has NO TESTING CLAIMS Portable units for LOW CAPACITY treatment only Requires ABSOLUTELY CLEAR water source Best as final stage Designed for NON POTABLE WATER UF provides a PHYSICAL BARRIER to organisms System REMOVES 99.9999% of bacteria and 99.999% of viruses A SIMPLE integrity test validates performance A LOW ENERGY requirement Has PASSED EVP/EVT test protocol For HIGH CAPACITY filtration Very LOW WASTE stream Very SIMPLE to setup and maintain Produces CRYSTAL CLEAR WATER Drinking water that TASTES GOOD www.sunshineworks.com

Ultrafiltration or Reverse Osmosis Designed for NON POTABLE WATER UF provides a PHYSICAL BARRIER to organisms System REMOVES 99.9999% of bacteria and 99.999% of viruses A SIMPLE integrity test validates performance A LOW ENERGY requirement Has PASSED EVP/EVT test protocol For HIGH CAPACITY filtration Very LOW WASTE stream Very SIMPLE to setup and maintain Produces CRYSTAL CLEAR WATER Drinking water that TASTES GOOD Designed for DESALINATION of brackish water or seawater Provides a PHYSICAL BARRIER to contaminating organisms Remove 96-98% of DISSOLVED SALTS, MINERALS and METALS Concentrate from system is WASTE stream A SIMPLE TDS test to validate RO has HIGH ENERGY requirement Best for labs, hospitals or HIGH PURITY applications www.sunshineworks.com

Questions? Ron Castle Owner www.sunshineworks.com    111 First Avenue NW, Suite 2 Winchester, Tennessee 37398-1643 USA +1.931.962.8665 Phone +1.888.878.6014 FAX Toll Free +1.931.607.1392 Mobile and SMS roncastle@sunshineworks.com Skype ID roncastle www.sunshineworks.com