1. How Reverse Osmosis Water Purification Systems Work

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3. Reverse Osmosis * Reverse osmosis (RO) is a purification technology that uses a semi- permeable membrane. This membrane-technology is not properly a filtration method. * In RO, an applied pressure is used to overcome osmotic pressure, a colligative properties, that is driven by chemical potential, a thermodynamic parameter. * RO can remove many types of molecules and ions from solutions and is used in both industrial processes and to produce potable water. * To be "selective," this membrane should not allow large molecules or ions through the pores (holes), but should allow smaller components of the solution (such as the solvent) to pass freely. * Osmosis is a natural process. When two liquids of different concentration are separated by a semipermeable membrane, the fluid has a tendency to move from low to high solute concentrations for chemical potential equilibrium.

5. Reverse Osmosis Water Purification Systems Work * Reverse Osmosis is a process in which dissolved inorganic solids (such as salts) are removed from a solution (such as water). * This is accomplished by household water pressure pushing the tap water through a semi permeable membrane. * The membrane (which is about as thick as cellophane) allows only the water to pass through, not the impurities or contaminates. * These impurities and contaminates are flushed down the drain. * Ultimately, the factors that affect the performance of a ro system are:ro system * Incoming water pressure * Water Temperature * Type and number of total dissolved solids (TDS) in the tap water * The quality of the filters and membranes used in the RO System

7. What A Reverse Osmosis System Remove A reverse osmosis membrane will remove impurities and particles larger than.001 microns

8. Components Common To All RO SystemRO System * Cold Water Line Valve * Pre-Filter (s)‏ * Reverse Osmosis Membrane * Post filter (s)‏ * Automatic Shut Off Valve (SOV)‏ * Check Valve * Flow Restrictor * Storage Tank * Faucet * Drain line

10. RO ( Reverse Osmosis ) Accessories Automatic Shut-off Valves Ball Valve Bracket Brass Ball Valve Check Valve Clamp Cut-Down Pressure Valve Faucet Adapter Flow Restrictors Liquid Level Control Switch Plastic Tube Pressure Switches Pump Systems Solenoid Valve Spanner Wrenches

11. Reverse Osmosis (RO) Applications * Reverse Osmosis (RO) Applications * Perchlorate Removal From Drinking Water * Nitrate Removal From Groundwater * Perchlorate Removal From Groundwater * Raw Water Pretreatment * Tertiary Wastewater Treatment

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