Computer System Structures

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Presentation transcript:

Computer System Structures System Operation Computer System Operation Boot Process BIOS, UEFI Loaders, Init Interrupt Driven OS Textbook Silberschatz, Chapter 2

Booting The procedure of starting a computer by loading the kernel is known as booting the system. On most computer systems, a small piece of code known as the bootstrap program or bootstrap loader locates the kernel loads it into main memory and starts its execution. Some computer systems, such as PCs, use a two-step process in which a simple bootstrap loader fetches a more complex boot program from disk which in turn loads the kernel.

After Reset CPU receives a reset event - powered up or rebooted The instruction address register is loaded with a predefined memory location, and execution starts there. At that location is the initial bootstrap program. This program is in the form of read-only memory (ROM), because the RAM is in an unknown state at system startup. ROM is convenient because it needs no initialization (keeps the content with power off computer) and cannot easily be infected by a computer virus.

Bootstrap Program - Requirements. Firmware The bootstrap program should be simple. It should not be lost when the power is off. So it should reside somewhere in ROM. It should know how to load the OS. It should ensure that the hardware is OK. The bootstrap program usually is the part of the larger entity called firmware – something between the hardware and software Firmware is the combination of persistent memory and program code and data stored in it It’s slow, expensive

The Booting Process, BIOS, UEFI, loaders, Init The system’s component Firmware(BIOS, UEFI, Uboot, bootstrap, ..) Initial Boot Loader OS Loader Init (initial process) Resides on … ROM EEPROM HDD Master Boot Record HDD Partition’s boot sector Kernel The Action Power on. Start the BIOS. Initialize the system hardware. Call IBL Recognize HDD partitions. Choose OS. Call OS loader. Load the OS (kernel). Run kernel’s initial process. All the time continuously run in the system waiting events.

Once more Interrupt driven OS Modern operating systems are interrupt driven. If there are no processes to execute, no I/O devices to service, and no users to whom to respond, an operating system will sit quietly, waiting for something to happen. The occurrence of an event is usually signaled by an interrupt from either the hardware or the software.