1. Interrupts and Exception Handling

2. Execution We are quite aware of the Fetch, Execute process of the control unit of the CPU –Fetch and instruction as indicated by the contents of the PC (PC can be incremented at the same time) –Execute the instruction. External events cause a change in this flow –I/O device ready –Input done Internal events can cause a change in this flow –Divide by 0 –Overflow

3. Detecting Interrupt Bad choices –Spin Waiting Have a loop that checks for the event and waits until it happens –Checking periodically. Event may never happen Difficult to program to “catch” event. Want to keep I/O device working as much as possible since it is slowest.

4. Interrupt processor Use a separate computer dedicated to detecting and handling external events. But would need one for each device so that won’t have problems with multiple events. Now CPU only communicates with other processors (fast) not with devices (slow).

5. Exception Mechanism Using multiple computers (one for each device) is expensive. Allow the computer to execute more than one program at a time. –Of course cannot execute more than one instruction at a time (with one cpu) –Just looks like it because the cpu is switching from one program to another very quickly.

6. Exception Handling When an exception occurs, the state of the cpu must be saved. –Save registers (including PC) Jump to the section of code to handle the interrupt (the exception handler). Restore the state of the cpu before returning back to original program.

7. Components An interrupt is a change of the normal flow of a program. The hardware must determine when to interrupt the cpu and transfer program control to the exception handler (software). Since the exception handler can be called at any time, there cannot be any arguments passed or return value.

8. Operating System The operating system controls and allocates the use of all system resources, such as, the cpu, memory, I/O devices, etc This allocation is coordinated by interrupting running programs to handle asynchronous I/O requests. This allows multiple independent programs to share the computer (multiprogramming)

9. Efficiency When a program needs some input (from keyboard, disk, etc.) it will take a significant amount of cpu time to complete Rather than sitting idle, the cpu can work on another task. Allows for time sharing –Each process gets some time slice of cpu time. –Interrupt occurs at the end of the time slice –Operating system can switch to another process

10. Program Status Running – process is on the cpu and executing Blocked – process is waiting for an I/O request to complete Ready – No longer blocked, awaiting to become running A change in status occurs via an interrupt

11. Kernel The kernel is the part of the operating system that handles interrupts. There must be some instructions for the operating system that cannot be used by the user (such as access to I/O devices, special purpose registers, etc.) The OS uses registers $26 and $27 for servicing interrupts. Users can use them but their values will change at unpredictable times.

12. Types of Exceptions I/O Time slice complete – uses a hardware timer. Extraordinary conditions during execution –Divide by 0 –Overflow –Illegal instruction or memory address –This method is called a trap since generated internally, not externally to the program

13. Terms An exception is either a trap or an interrupt Trap –generated internal to the program – synchronous Interrupt –Generated external to the program –Asynchronous

14. Processor Modes The MIPS processor has 2 modes –Kernel –User Kernel mode allows access to the kernel registers (Not discussed yet) and the upper half of memory. Interrupt handlers and other operating system data is in the upper half of memory The operating system executes in kernel mode

15. Co-processors Coprocessor C1 has the floating point hardware. –Without C1, floating point instructions cause trap and the handler “fakes” the floating point instruction with several integer instructions. TAL uses the instructions mtc1(move to c1) and mfc1 (move from c1) to move data between floating point and general registers. –Similarly with coprocessor 0 (mtc0, mfc0)

16. Coprocessor C0 Accessible only in kernel mode. Register have special purposes. –Status Register (12) –Cause Registion (13) –Exception Program Counter (14)

17. Cause Register Gives information about what caused an exception. –Bits 2-6 give a 5 bit value (0-32) about the kind of exception Interrupt, load from illegal address, bus error on fetch, bus error on data reference, syscall instruction, break instruction, reserved instruction, coprocessor unusable, arithmetic overflow, trap, floating point. –Bits 10-15 indicate external interrupt.

18. Status Register Bit 1 – kernel or user mode Bit 3 – mode when last interrupt occurred Many more

19. Exception Handler An exception is not invoked by a JAL, so what about the return address? When an exception occurs, the processor jumps to 0x80000080 The Exception Program Counter register is loaded with the address of the instruction being executed when the interrupt occurred. The interrupt handler can move this to a general register and save it.