Hydrogen technology and storage systems for Wind farms and renewable energy sources Presentation by Shreenithi Lakshmi Narasimhan University of Illinois at Chicago

OUTLINE Wind-Hydrogen system concept Wind Power and large scale hydrogen production and storage for sustained power supply Options for viable systems Harnessing power of hydrogen and renewables Current status and future expansion on electrolysers, stationary storage and pipelines for hydrogen delivery

AIM 100% renewable as early as possible Hydrogen integrated with renewable resources Hydrogen storage and usage enhancement

Levels of conventional and renewable energy- US grid

Why the requirement for energy storage? Reduce the generation-demand mismatch Increase the reliability of the power system Enhance the grid quality of electricity

Wind Power and large scale hydrogen production Replacing fossil fuel implies the need to scale up hydrogen production, storage and delivery system to an industrial level US hydrogen production: 84% production via natural gas reforming. This could be made sustainable by solar steam reforming- employing solar for steam reforming.

Wind Power and large scale hydrogen production OPPUTUNITY: Requirement for cleaner urban environment -Necessity to reduce green house gases -reduce the dependency on oil for Hydrogen production COMPETITION: Gasoline with low COE -$1.50/gal; $14/MBTU; $0.05/kWh GOAL: Department of Energy Hydrogen cost target -$2/kg; $0.06/kWh CATALYST: Wind power cost of electricity (COE) -the prices are already down to $0.04/kWh

Wind-Hydrogen system concept Electrolyzer Water purification Regulators - Gas dryer Shutdown Switch etc. Hydrogen Storage Grid H2 Gas + - V Water Supply H2 Trucking H2 Pipeline O2 Gas Peak Shaving ICE/Fuel Cell Power Conditioner -Grid Interconnector -Max Power Tracker -AC/DC converter -Power Supply Switch -etc. Control Systems Local H2 Use

Options for viable hydrogen-wind systems STAND-ALONE WIND-HYDROGEN SYSTEM -Wind hybrid systems -Hydrogen refueling stations in remote or isolated areas -Wind-electrolysis-Fuel cell GRID CONNECTED SYSTEM -Dedicated Hydrogen production -Off peak hydrogen production -Full Off peak Hydrogen production 100 Percent 0:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 24:00 75 Time of Day H 2 Production Electricity Dedicated Hydrogen Production Hydrogen Off-Peak, Electricity On-Peak Hydrogen Off-Peak, Hydrogen+Electricity On-Peak

Options for sustained renewable system alternatives Solar steam reforming It could be used for steam reforming to make it more sustainable. Renewable and hydrogen technology integration Along with wind energy, other renewable sources can be integrated with hydrogen technology, for a more sustained option of energy generation.

System components- Hydrogen technology Electrolyser Fuel cell Transportation Storage

Electrolyser technologies Stuart Electrolyzer CURRENT - Operating Efficiency 60-70% -Temperature 80ºC -Pressure (1-25)atm -Cost $(1000-2500)kW FUTURE REQUIREMENTS: Increase capacity, efficiency and reduce cost -Industrial scale up of electrolyser- in MW -Cost $(200-500)/kW -Integration with renewables - Efficiency of 80-90%

Stationary storage challenges CURRENT STATUS Compression High energy consumption: losses 15-30% High capital cost for large quantity storage: $1000-2000/kW Pressure to 200 - 350 bar Liquefaction High energy consumption: losses 40-50% High capital cost: $1500-2500/kW Compressed storage Large space required for large quantity storage: limited by pressure Liquid storage Boil-off: 0.1-0.3%/day FUTURE REQUIREMENTS -Larger capacity -Low cost -Low pressure solid state metal hydride, chemical hydride -Current focus on vehicle storage -Large scale storage options under research

Pipelines for hydrogen delivery Needs Reduction in cost of pipelines options for use of NG or oil pipelines by modification High pressure hydrogen= new pipeline designs Pipeline safety management

Possibilities of integration of hydrogen and renewable resources Top green energy resource Strong government policies for decarbonization of grid and increased hydrogen use

Harnessing the full power of hydrogen with renewables Supports a wide variety of applications- positive scalability On going projects pertaining to accountability of hydrogen technologies with renewable sources DON QUICHOTE: Demonstrate the technical and economical readiness of integrated hydrogen storage systems for renewable electricity linked to hydrogen re-fuelling facility Generate fact based data for exploitation of renewable electricity to hydrogen fuelled sustainable mobility HYBALANCE: Based on power to gas option, power to hydrogen Simulatneously supply hydrogen to more than one type of end user Demonstrating the feasibility of central large scale electrolysers in providing grid services and hydrogen distribution and supply to multiple high value markets

Summary Hydrogen production and utilization is feasible Current technologies need to be updated due to high cost and lower efficiencies Hybridization of Wind with hydrogen technologies with existing and future framework