From the Mongol Empire to Columbus: The Early Origins of Globalization Summer Week 2 Lecture

Inner-Asia (907-1215 C.E.) Created a dual state with Khitan and Chinese areas North was Khitan They use Chinese military technology in the conquest

China (800-1400 C.E.) Song Dynasty (960-1279 C.E.) Founded by Zhou Kuangyin in 960 Attempt to solve the Khitan problem in the 12th century by aligning with Jurchens

Breakout: The Mongol Empire From Temujin to Chinggis Khan: the rise of the Mongol Empire Temujin’s rise Father was a minor chieftain, but was murdered before Temujin turned ten Temujin’s mother held family together after they were deserted by the clan Won a reputation as a great leader

Breakout: The Mongol Empire From Temujin to Chinggis Khan (con’t) Chinggis Khan then began expansion to hold his followers together Setbacks marked outer limits of Mongol Empire Difficulty penetrating jungles of Southeast Asia

The Mongols (1200-1400 C.E.) Conquests Under Chinggis (ca. 1162-1227) response was to move outward Resulted in the creating of the largest-ever empire in world history Reconfigures society as a military organization

Breakout: The Mongol Empire Explaining the Mongol moment

Breakout: The Mongol Empire Explaining the Mongol moment (con’t) Mongol success was due to their well-led, organized, and disciplined army Military unites of 10, 100, 1,000, and 10,000 warriors

Breakout: The Mongol Empire Explaining the Mongol moment (con’t) Mongol success (con’t) Vast numbers of conquered peoples were incorporated into the army

Breakout: The Mongol Empire Explaining the Mongol moment (con’t) Kingdom of Khwarizm murdered Mongol envoys

Breakout: The Mongol Empire Explaining the Mongol moment (con’t) Ability to mobilize resources Centralized bureaucracy began Practiced religious toleration

Encountering the Mongols: China China and the Mongols Began in northern China (ruled by dynasties of nomadic origin), was vastly destructive Conquest of southern China (ruled by Song dynasty) was far less violent

Encountering the Mongols: Comparing Three Cases China and the Mongols (con’t) Khubilai Khan (r. 1271-1294 C.E.) had a set of ancestral tablets made

The Mongols (1200-1400 C.E.) The death of Chinggis created internal divisions but did not halt conquest Under Khubilai (r. 1260-1294) Mongols completed the conquest of China

Breakout: The Mongol Empire Total Mongol population was only about ¾ - 1.5 million

Breakout: The Mongol Empire The Mongols (con’t) Did not have major cultural impact on the world

The Mongols (1200-1400 C.E.) Subject Population Different regions had different forms of government

From the Mongols to the Ming Naval expeditions Extended presence of Ming Dynasty Regional Exploration

Technological Advancements

European Discovery and Expansion Overseas conquest and exploration Expansion began with the Viking voyages across the Atlantic (9th-10th centuries)

Portugal (con’t) Prince Henry the Navigator (1349- 1460) Begins Portuguese Empire Strait of Gibraltar School of Cartography Claims Azores Islands Cape Bojador The edge of the world?

Portugal Vasco da Gama (1469-1524) Goa

Portugal Ferdinand Magellan (1480- 1521) Philippines

Technological Stimuli Technology played a pivotal role in expansion Combined these contribute to European maritime success and eventual supremacy

The Explorer’s Motivations Religion Economics Rivalry Spain; Ferdinand and Isabella; Columbus

Motivations (con’t) Intellectual curiosity about physical universe Christopher Columbus

‘Discovering’ N. and S. America Amerigo Vespucci (1451-1512) Right after Columbus Not just islands Maps parts of the coasts

‘Discovering’ N. and S. America (con’t) Christopher Columbus (1451- 1506) Italian sailing for Spain Many Voyages … 1498

Columbus (con’t)

Global Trade Networks The Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch established successive commercial empires The Europeans paid in silver and gold

The Impact of Contact Columbian Exchange Agricultural revolution New foods = healthier diets = population growth

Columbian Exchange (con’t) Goods (etc) exchanged between Eastern and Western Hemisphere

Things to think about … Wheat Cattle And much more … Narcotics/Drugs

Adverse Consequences of Exchange Wealth Disease The Results?