Civil Rights Civil rights is the Idea that government should protect from discrimination based upon race, gender, religion and sex The rights and privileges guaranteed under the equal protection and due process clauses of the 5th and 14th amendments For much of our history the law allowed unfair treatment and required unequal treatment for certain groups.

LBGT Rights- Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgendered LBGT rights were founded after the Stonewall Rebellion in June 1969 Hate crimes rose in reaction to the movement, most infamous Matthew Shepard case in Wyoming United States v. Windsor 2013- ruled the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) was unconstitutional under the equal protection clause of the 5th Amendment Obergefell v Hodges 2015 ruled the fundamental right for same sex couples to marry.

Slavery and the Constitution Dred Scott v. Sandford 1857: ruled slaves were NOT citizens and therefore had no standing to sue, African Americans had no legal rights During Reconstruction (1865-1877) a series of Amendments were passed to protect the rights of African Americans 13th - Ended Slavery 14th - Granted Citizenship (gave due process and equal protection) 15th – Every Man had the right to vote After Reconstruction ends, Southern States created Black Codes and Jim Crow laws to limit and segregate public places such as schools, jobs and parks. De jure segregation became legally mandated.

State and Local governments along with the KKK found ways to limit African Americans freedoms White Primary Literacy Tests Poll Tax Grandfather Clauses Plessy v Ferguson 1896: ruled that that separate but equal doctrine was not a violation of the 14th amendment.

Civil Rights Movement- 20th Century NAACP fought against the separate but equal doctrine in the early 20th century Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka 1954: ruled that segregated schools violated the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment Civil Rights leaders such as Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks used civil disobedience as way to end segregation in the U.S.

Civil Rights Act 1964 Outlaws discrimination in voter registration in states Bans discrimination in public accomadations, restaurants, hotels, theaters Prohibits state and local governments from banning access to public facilities on the basis of race, religion or ethnicity Title VII established equality in employment opportunities Voter Rights Act 1965: eliminate discrimination in voting practices banned voter registration practices such as literacy test Thurgood Marshall --Becomes first African American named to U.S. Supreme Court 1967 

Women’s Rights Movement Seneca Falls Convention ---Declaration of Sentiments 19th Amendment- Women’s suffrage Title IX –prohibits sex based discrimination in educational institutions Equal Pay Act – prohibited employers from paying women less Intersectionality- women face multiple forms of oppression

Affirmative Action – Is It Constitutional ? The intentional efforts to recruit , hire, train and promote women and minorities to diversify the workplace and educational institutions Bakke v. Regents of University of California – Schools can take race into consideration as one of several factors for admission but cannot use it as sole consideration