Chap 10, pp. 298-304 only Radical Political Islam pp. 298-304

20th Century Pan Arab Nationalism Pan Arab Nationalist Regimes – Drew on western secularism & western modernity “Nasserism” (1952-1970) – Pan-Arab nationalist movement by Gemal Abdul Nasser in Egypt “Ba’athism” – Arab nationalist type regimes (influenced in part by western secularism & socialism) Iraq (1968 - 2003) Syria (1966 - Present) Pro-western hereditary monarchies Iran under the Shah of Iran (1965 – 1979) Contemporary Examples: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Jordan Radical Political Islam – Arose in Opposition to the Above Starting with the 1979 Iranian Islamic Revolution against the Iranian Monarch (Shah)

Muslim Counter-Enlightenment Radical Islamic movements reject the western Enlightenment tradition, especially the focus on secularism and “individual autonomy” Radical Islam seeks a return to a more pure form of Islam, not tainted by secularism and modernity Radical Islamists are opposed to: Western modernity Muslims who endorse the incorporation of Western modernity

Sayyid Qutb (1906-1966) and Radical Islam Egyptian exile who criticized King Faruq’s pro-Western stance Articulated a strong ideological reaction against Western modernity Became important intellectual leader of the Muslim Brotherhood Qutb rejected Nasser’s secularist pan-Arab project

Qutb and Radical Islam Provided essential parts of the ideological foundation of Radical Islam Non Muslims and Westernized Muslims suffer from “false consciousness” Liberalism: sovereignty of individual; Socialism: sovereignty of the proletariat; Radical Islam: sovereignty of Allah Under radical Islam, Jihad is no longer an inner struggle to follow the Qu’ran Jihad becomes an outwards struggle or holy war against modernity, secularism, capitalism, sexual equality, etc.

Radical Islam & Political Program Attack Muslims who embrace and institutionalize Western modernity Wage jihad against forces of the West whose presence in Muslim lands represents corruption by an infidel “aggressor” Education/indoctrination in religious schools (madrassas) Use of violence and terror tactics by moderate Muslims across traditions, is of course, forbidden Use of violence against Enlightenment modernity is associated only with radical forms of Islam