1. Diversity Brings Challenges Europeans drew borders in the Middle East that divided the homelands of some people and established a new country for the Jews. Kurds—who now live in parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey—have been persecuted and would like to have their own country. Jewish people were encouraged to settle in the former British Palestine, driving away the Palestinians who had lived there and causing wars and tension in the Middle East. 1 of 6 New Nations Emerge Section 4: The Modern Middle East Witness History Audio: Remembering Nasser Note Taking Transparency 184

2. Conflicts Over Resources and Religion The oil reserves and regions of the Middle East have played important roles in world affairs. OPEC Countries have used embargos to further political aims. Islamic extremists have tried to topple the secular governments of some Middle Eastern nations. In many Islamic countries, the opportunities for women and girls are limited. 2 of 6 New Nations Emerge Section 4: The Modern Middle East Building Nations in the Middle East Middle Eastern nations have faced challenges since World War II. Nationalist Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser led two wars against Israel, while his successor, Anwar Sadat, made peace and brought the country closer to the U.S. Islamists caused problems for Sadat and for his successor, Hosni Mubarak.

3. Building Nations in the Middle East continued American support of Iran’s Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and the shah’s land redistribution program brought opposition from landowners and the Islamic clergy. Eventually the country became an anti-Western Islamic republic. Saudi Arabia is ruled by the Sa’ud family who follow Sunni Islam. The U.S. supports the royal family in return for favorable terms in the oil trade. This relationship has caused attacks within Saudi Arabia and opposition to the royal family. 3 of 6 New Nations Emerge Section 4: The Modern Middle East QuickTake Section Quiz Progress Monitoring Transparency QuickTake Chapter Test

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