1. Post Colonialism and Nationalism

4. Legitimacy An ongoing historical challenge
Post Colonial State Legitimacy
Legitimacy: State, Nationalist, Religious, Cultural?
Actors seek to fuse religion, culture and politics to legitimise a governing elite
Resistance can arise from the state or international level in different forms.

5. Post Colonial Nationalism
Pan Africanism
Pan Islamism
Pan Arabism

6. Nationalism, Islamism and Jihadism
1950s – 60s: Dominance of the Pan Arab narrative, co-option of the ulema, Suppression of the Islamists
1970s – Failure of Pan Arabism, consolidation of the state, secularising Islamist groups
1980s –Responses to secularisation
1990s – New World Order, Hegemony, End of Cold War
2000s – Globalising the Jihad, Revolution

7. 1950s – 60s The post colonial states sought secular agendas
Secular state informed by Islamic principles that understands Islam as an Arab gift to the world
Al Nasser, Nkrumah, Qadaffi, Malcolm X

8. Al Nasser and the Muslim Brotherhood
Secular vs Religious
Cooperation in the Revolution against King Farouk
Share anti-Communist sentiments
1953 political parties abolished, Brotherhood remains as an organization.
1954 Assassination attempt, Brotherhood blamed, Six executed.

10. 1970s
‘The state effectively defeated all the various attempts of Islamist militants to confront the regime directly’. G. Kepel
Marginalization, radicalization, co-option
Secularization of the Islamists
Inclusion of ‘moderates’ in ‘nomalised’ politics

11. Camp David Agreement Recognition of Israel
Egypt expelled from the Arab League
Viewed as a betrayal of both nationalism and Islam

12. 1980s Killing Pharaoh (Sadat) 1981 Soviet war in Afghanistan 1980 - 89
Higra of the Afghan Arabs
Formation of al Qaeda (the Base)
Formulating a comprehensive ideology beyond Sayid Qutb

14. 1979 - 81 Return of Political Islam
Iranian Islamic Revolution Soviet Afghan War

15. 1990s Rise of Salafi Jihadist movements
The Near Enemy or the Far Enemy
Near Enemy: Arab regimes, Israel
Far Enemy: The West

16. Post-Colonial struggle for state legitimacy remains
Many governments viewed as lacking legitimacy
Islam plays a critical role in this debate
So too does the international community
‘Democracy’ does not necessarily translate into stable legitimate states, but it probably helps.

18. 2000s Jihad and Revolution