The Modern Mediterranean The Italian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula The Balkan Peninsula

The Ancient Mediterranean Fertile Crescent Empires Ancient Rome Ancient Egypt Ancient Greece Ancient Carthage

The Geography of Rome

The Role of Geography in Ancient Rome

Write a Level 1 Question about the mountain ranges. The Role of Geography in Ancient Rome Mountains: Two Major Ranges - Alps and Apennines impact Italy Alps to the north separate Italy from the rest of Europe. They offer some but not total protection from invasion because of natural passes. Apennines run the length of Italy but do not hinder trade or travel. Write a Level 1 Question about the mountain ranges.

Northern Italy – The Alps

Northern Italy – The Apennines

Write a level one question about the bodies of water. The Role of Geography in Ancient Rome Seas: Adriatic Sea lies to the East and Mediterranean to south and west Long coastlines with fewer natural harbors than Greece. Rivers are generally short and shallow. Poorly suited for travel and transportation. Write a level one question about the bodies of water.

The Seas – The Italian Riviera

Write a level two question about the soil/vegetation. The Role of Geography in Ancient Rome Land, Soil and Vegetation: Most of land is foothills and mountains except in the valleys of the north. Most soil is sandy and easily erodes. Best suited for grazing. Northern valleys are fertile enough for grains. Most other areas are good for vegetable, grapes, olives, and citrus fruits. Mediterranean Climate Write a level two question about the soil/vegetation.

The Land – Central Italy

Northern Italy - Tuscany

Italian Farmland

Mild Mediterranean Climate

The History of Ancient Italy Early Settlers

Three Groups of Early Settlers in Italy Italy in 750 BC Three Groups of Early Settlers in Italy Latins – 1000 B.C. Etruscans – 900 B.C. Greeks – 750 B.C.

The Ancient City of Rome – Built on Seven Hills The Latins Arrived around 1000 B.C. Settled in area known as Latium. -Primarily farmers who lived in villages along the Tiber River. Established the city of Rome around 753 B.C. Considered to be the first Romans The Ancient City of Rome – Built on Seven Hills Along the Tiber River

Established on the 7 Hills

The Etruscans Arrived around 900 B.C. -Settled in area known as Etruria in northern Italy. Skilled metal workers and advanced in engineering. Developed the arch. -Had a writing system which was adopted by the Romans and became the basis of Latin.

The Greeks in Italy Began establishing colonies in southern Italy between 750 and 600 B.C. -Greek cities became prosperous and spread trade contacts throughout Italy. Introduced Romans to Greek culture. -Had a strong influence on Roman trade, architecture, politics, and religion. Romans adopted Greek religion and gods.

Abandoned by their Uncle Amulius in the Tibor River to drown. The Mythical Founding of Rome: Romulus & Remus: Twin sons of Mars (Roman god of War) Abandoned by their Uncle Amulius in the Tibor River to drown. Found and raised by a she-wolf

They kill Amulius Both built great cities - Romulus kills Remus for making fun of his city. Romulus populates the city of Rome with slaves and criminals Romulus became the first king in 753 BC

Early Rome Before the Republic The Latins and Etruscans began to merge and became known as Romans. Around 600 B.C. an Etruscan was elected king of Rome and established the Tarquin dynasty. Rome began emerging into a major city with impressive engineering and architecture. Great temples and the forum were built during this time. In 509 B.C. a harsh and unjust Tarquin king was overthrown by the Romans. The Romans declared they would never again be ruled by a king. The Romans established a republic that would last for nearly 500 years. This began Rome’s climb to glory and world prestige.

The Roman Republic: 509 BCE - 27 BCE

Establishment of the Republic 264 BC Punic Wars 146 BC ANCIENT ROMAN HISTORY – THE REPUBLIC Neolithic Culture 3000 BC Latin Settlement 1000 BC EARLY PERIOD Etruscan Settlement 900 BC Greek Colonization 750 BC 600 BC Etruscan Rule of Rome 509 BC Establishment of the Republic 264 BC Punic Wars THE RUPUBLIC 146 BC Spartacus Slave Revolts 73 BC First Triumvirate Formed 60 BC Assassination of Julius Caesar 44 BC

Ancient Roman Society Plebeians Freedmen Slaves (Early Republic) Patricians (Aristocrats) Plebeians Farmers Merchants Artisans Freedmen Slaves City Slaves Household Slaves

Patricians vs. Plebeians The Patricians were wealthy landowners and held most of the power. They inherited their power and social status and claimed to be descendants from the original Romans.

Patricians vs. Plebeians 3. Plebeians were the common people and made up the majority of Romans. 4. Plebeians were citizens, could vote but couldn’t hold powerful government office. 5. Eventually Plebeians gained the right to appoint tribunes to protect their rights. 6. Around 450 B.C. the Plebeians began writing down Rome’s laws and posting them. These were known as the Twelve Tables.

The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE Provided political and social rights for the plebeians. Established the idea that all free citizens had a right to protection by the law.