Solid Waste and Excreta Management (EN361) Dr. Numfon Eaktasang Thammasat University

Sources of Solid Wastes Municipal waste Industrial Waste Agricultural Waste Hospital Waste

Sources of Solid Wastes Municipal waste Food wastes, paper, cardboard, textiles, leather, yard wastes, wood, glass, tin cans, aluminum, other metals, ashes, etc.

Sources of Solid Wastes Industrial Waste Industrial process wastes, scrap, materials, etc.

Sources of Solid Wastes Agricultural Waste Feedlots, manure, crop wastes, hazardous wastes, etc.

Sources of Solid Wastes Hospital Waste Infectious waste: waste contaminated with blood and other bodily fluids, cultures and stocks of infectious agents from laboratory work Pathological waste: human tissues, organs or fluids, body parts and contaminated animal carcasses; sharps: syringes, needles, disposable scalpels and blades, etc. Chemicals: solvents used for laboratory preparations, disinfectants, and heavy metals contained in medical devices

Sources of Solid Wastes Hospital Waste Pharmaceuticals: expired, unused and contaminated drugs and vaccines; Genotoxic waste: highly hazardous, mutagenic, teratogenic 1 or carcinogenic Radioactive waste: products contaminated by radio-nuclides including radioactive diagnostic material or radio-therapeutic materials

Types of Solid Wastes General wastes Refuse: glass, paper, plastic, bottles, metal, rubber Garbage: food waste, vegetable residues Hazardous – batteries, fluorescent lamp, paints, chemicals residue and its container

Composition of Solid Waste Food Waste Paper and Cardboard Plastics Textiles Wood Rubber and Leather Glass Metal Brick and stone Others

Composition of Solid Waste Combustible Wastes Non-combustible Wastes 1. Food Waste 7. Glass 2. Paper and Cardboard 8. Metal 3. Plastics 9. Brick and Stone 4. Textiles 10. Others 5. Wood 6. Rubber and Leather

Solid Waste Composition in Various Cities Location Bio- waste Paper Metals Glass Plastics Rubber Leather Textiles Ceramic Dust Wt (kg)/ cap day Dhaka, Bangladesh 81.0 1.0 0.1 1.6 3.0 13.2 0.27 Mumbai, India 42.3 6.2 0.8 1.3 4.2 23.0* 1.8 - Bangalore, India 75.2 1.5 0.2 0.9 3.1 19.0 0.40 Seoul, Korea 22.3 16.2 4.1 10.6 9.6 3.8 33.42 2.00 Vientiane, Lao PDR 0.75 Kathmandu, Nepal 42.5 13.9 2.6 2.1 25.5 0.18-0.32 Manila, Philippines 45.5 14.5 4.9 2.7 8.6 27.5 Colombo, Sri Lanka 65.0 6.0 2.0 0.5 4.0 0.30 - 0.50 Bangkok, Thailand 44.3 11.4 2.3 4.5 18.1 5.8 Chiang Mai, Thailand 55.2 11.0 16.0 0.80 - 1.10 Lampoon, Thailand 53.4 16.9 1.7 3.2 20.6 2.5 1.10 Hanoi, Vietnam 50.3 0.3 0.7 31.2*

Solid Waste Composition in Various Cities Location Bio- waste Paper Metals Glass Plastics Rubber Leather Textiles Ceramic Dust Wt (kg)/ cap day Australia 23.6 39.1 6.6 10.2 9.9 - 9.0 1.87 California 39.4 40.8 3.5 4.4 9.6 1.0 1.3 2.00 Europe 30.0 32 8 10 7 4 9 1.20 Vienna, Austria 23.3 33.6 3.7 10.4 7.0 3.1 18.9 1.18 Paris, France 16.3 40.9 3.2 9.4 8.4 17.4 1.43 Germany 35.4 6.8 2.1 3.3 13 2.2 37.2 0.95

Solid Waste Composition in Various Cities Component Low-income countries Middle-income countries Upper-income countries Organic Food wastes Paper and Cardboard Plastics Textiles Rubber and Leather Yard wastes and Wood 40-85 1-10 1-5 20-65 8-30 2-6 2-10 1-4 6-30 25-60 2-8 0-4 11-24 Inorganic Glass Metals Dirt, ash, etc. 1-40 1-30 4-12 3-13 0-10

Factor Effecting on Solid Waste Generation Geographical location Seasonal Economic and income Attitude and behavioral Population density Law and regulation Government policy Others

Generation Rate Solid waste generation in terms of one unit of population or place House A : solid waste generation rate = 1 kg/person/day Hotel B : solid waste generation rate = 1.5 kg/room/day Hospital C : solid waste generation rate = 2 kg/bed/day

Generation Rate Generation rate at source Generation rate (kg/person/day) = Weight avg.(kg/day) Total population (person)

Generation Rate Generation rate at disposal site - Weight-volume analysis - Load-count analysis

Generation Rate Weight-volume analysis Generation rate (kg/person/day) = Weight avg. (kg/day) Total population (person) Weight avg. (kg/day) = Density of waste (kg/m3) x Vol. of waste (m3/day)

Generation Rate Ex 1: The total population of Bangkok is 6 million and total waste generation approximately 3 million tones in 2016. Determine the generation rate of Bangkok.

Weight avg. = 3,000,000 (ton) × 1000 (kg/ton) Generation Rate Solution Weight avg. = 3,000,000 (ton) × 1000 (kg/ton) 1 yr × 365 day/yr = 3,000,000,000 kg 365 day = 8,219,178.08 kg/day

= 1.37 kg/person/day Answer Generation Rate Solution Generation rate = 8,219,178.08 kg/day 6,000,000 person = 1.37 kg/person/day Answer

Estimation of Generation rate Wn = W0 (1 + r)n Wn = generation rate in estimate year (n) W0 = generation rate in reference year r = increase of generation rate per year n = number of estimate year

Estimation of Generation rate Ex 2: Total solid waste generation is 10,000 ton/day in 2010 and increase of generation rate per year is 2%. Estimate the generation rate of solid waste in 2015 and 2020.

Estimation of Generation rate Solution Estimate the generation rate of solid waste in 2015 Wn = Total solid waste generation in 2010 W0 = Total solid waste generation in 2015 r = increase of generation rate per year = 2% or 0.02 n = number of estimate year = 5 years

Estimation of Generation rate Solution Wn = 10,000 (1 + 0.02)5 = 10,000 (1.104) = 11,040 ton/day

Estimation of Generation rate Solution Estimate the generation rate of solid waste in 2020 Wn = Total solid waste generation in 2010 W0 = Total solid waste generation in 2020 r = increase of generation rate per year = 2% or 0.02 n = number of estimate year = 10 years

Estimation of Generation rate Solution Wn = 10,000 (1 + 0.02)10 = 10,000 (1.219) = 12,190 ton/day

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