8-1 The Pectoral Girdle The Pectoral Girdle Shoulder girdle Connects the arms to the body Positions the shoulders Provides a base for arm movement Consists of: Two clavicles Two scapulae Connects with the axial skeleton only at the manubrium

8-1 The Pectoral Girdle The Clavicles Also called collarbones Long, S-shaped bones Originate at the manubrium (sternal end) Articulate with the scapulae (acromial end)

Figure 8-2a The Right Clavicle Scapula Clavicle Jugular notch The position of the clavicle within the pectoral girdle, anterior view. 3

Figure 8-2b The Right Clavicle Acromial end Sternal end LATERAL MEDIAL Facet for articulation with acromion Superior view of the right clavicle. 4

Figure 8-2c The Right Clavicle Sternal facet Acromial end LATERAL MEDIAL Conoid tubercle Costal tuberosity Sternal end Inferior view of the right clavicle. Stabilizing ligaments attach to the conoid tubercle and the costal tuberosity. 5

8-1 The Pectoral Girdle The Scapulae Also called shoulder blades Broad, flat triangles Articulate with arm and collarbone Anterior surface the subscapular fossa

8-1 The Pectoral Girdle The Scapulae Structures of the scapula Body has three sides Superior border Medial border (vertebral border) Lateral border (axillary border)

Figure 8-3a The Right Scapula Superior angle Acromion Coracoid process Superior border Lateral angle Subscapular fossa Body Lateral border Medial border Inferior angle Anterior view 8

8-1 The Pectoral Girdle The Scapulae Body has three corners Superior angle Inferior angle Lateral angle (head) The scapular head Holds glenoid cavity Which articulates with humerus To form shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint)

Figure 8-3a The Right Scapula Superior angle Acromion Coracoid process Superior border Lateral angle Subscapular fossa Body Lateral border Medial border Inferior angle Anterior view 10

8-1 The Pectoral Girdle The Scapulae Processes of the glenoid cavity Coracoid process Anterior, smaller Acromion Posterior, larger Articulates with clavicle At the acromioclavicular joint

Figure 8-3a The Right Scapula Superior angle Acromion Coracoid process Superior border Lateral angle Subscapular fossa Body Lateral border Medial border Inferior angle Anterior view 12

Figure 8-3b The Right Scapula Supraglenoid tubercle Acromion Coracoid process Glenoid cavity Spine Lateral border Inferior angle Lateral view 13

Figure 8-3c The Right Scapula Supraspinous fossa Coracoid process Acromion Superior border Neck Spine Infraspinous fossa Body Medial border Lateral border Inferior angle Posterior view 14

8-1 The Pectoral Girdle The Scapulae Posterior features of the scapula Scapular spine Ridge across posterior surface of body Separates two regions Supraspinous fossa Infraspinous fossa

8-2 The Upper Limbs The Upper Limbs Consist of: The arms, forearms, wrists, and hands Note: arm (brachium) = 1 bone, the humerus

8-2 The Upper Limbs The Humerus Also called the arm The long, upper arm bone Articulates with the pelvic girdle

8-2 The Upper Limbs The Humerus Tubercles of the proximal epiphysis Separated by the intertubercular groove Greater tubercle Lateral Forms tip of shoulder Lesser tubercle Anterior, medial

8-2 The Upper Limbs The Humerus Head Surgical neck Rounded, articulating surface Contained within joint capsule Surgical neck The narrow metaphysis

Figure 8-4a The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint Greater tubercle Head Lesser tubercle Intertubercular groove Anatomical neck Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Shaft Radial fossa Coronoid fossa Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Capitulum Trochlea Condyle Anterior surface 20

Figure 8-4b The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint Head Greater tubercle Anatomical neck Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Radial groove Olecranon fossa Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Trochlea Posterior surface 21

8-2 The Upper Limbs The Humerus The shaft Deltoid tuberosity A bulge in the shaft Attaches deltoid muscle Radial groove For radial nerve Posterior to deltoid tuberosity

8-2 The Upper Limbs The Humerus The distal epiphysis Medial and lateral epicondyles For muscle attachment Condyle of the humerus Articulates with ulna and radius

Figure 8-4a The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint Greater tubercle Head Lesser tubercle Intertubercular groove Anatomical neck Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Shaft Radial fossa Coronoid fossa Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Capitulum Trochlea Condyle Anterior surface 24

8-2 The Upper Limbs The Humerus Articular regions of the condyle Trochlea Articulates with ulna Capitulum Articulates with radius

Figure 8-4a The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint Greater tubercle Head Lesser tubercle Intertubercular groove Anatomical neck Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Shaft Radial fossa Coronoid fossa Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Capitulum Trochlea Condyle Anterior surface 26

Figure 8-4c The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint Medial epicondyle Trochlea Head of radius Capitulum Coronoid process of ulna Radial notch of ulna Elbow joint, anterior view 27

Figure 8-4b The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint Head Greater tubercle Anatomical neck Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Radial groove Olecranon fossa Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Trochlea Posterior surface 28

Figure 8-4d The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint Medial epicondyle Olecranon fossa Olecranon Trochlea of humerus Ulna Head of radius Elbow joint, posterior view 29

Figure 8-4a The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint Greater tubercle Head Lesser tubercle Intertubercular groove Anatomical neck Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Shaft Radial fossa Coronoid fossa Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Capitulum Trochlea Condyle Anterior surface 30

8-2 The Upper Limbs The Forearm Also called the antebrachium Consists of two long bones Ulna (medial) Radius (lateral)

8-2 The Upper Limbs The Ulna The olecranon Superior end of ulna Point of elbow Articulates with trochlea of humerus

8-2 The Upper Limbs The Ulna Other articulations Radial notch Articulates with head of radius Forms proximal radio-ulnar joint Ulnar head Prominent styloid process Attaches to articular disc between forearm and wrist

Figure 8-5a The Right Radius and Ulna Olecranon Radial head Proximal radioulnar joint Neck of radius ULNA RADIUS Interosseous membrane Ulnar notch of radius Ulnar head Styloid process of ulna Styloid process of radius Posterior view 34

Figure 8-5b The Right Radius and Ulna Trochlear notch Radial head Coronoid process Neck of radius Radial notch Ulnar tuberosity Radial tuberosity RADIUS ULNA Interosseous membrane Distal radio-ulnar joint Ulnar head Styloid process of radius Anterior view 35

8-2 The Upper Limbs The Ulna Interosseous membrane A fibrous sheet Connects lateral margin of ulnar shaft to radius

8-2 The Upper Limbs The Radius Lateral bone of forearm Disk-shaped radial head above the neck Radial tuberosity below the neck, attaches biceps Articulations of the radius Ulnar notch Distal end Articulates with wrist and radius Styloid process Stabilizes wrist joint

Figure 8-5a The Right Radius and Ulna Olecranon Radial head Proximal radioulnar joint Neck of radius ULNA RADIUS Interosseous membrane Ulnar notch of radius Ulnar head Styloid process of ulna Styloid process of radius Posterior view 38

Figure 8-5b The Right Radius and Ulna Trochlear notch Radial head Coronoid process Neck of radius Radial notch Ulnar tuberosity Radial tuberosity RADIUS ULNA Interosseous membrane Distal radio-ulnar joint Ulnar head Styloid process of radius Anterior view 39

Figure 8-5c The Right Radius and Ulna Olecranon Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial notch Ulnar tuberosity ULNA Lateral view of ulna, showing trochlear notch 40

8-2 The Upper Limbs Eight Carpal Bones Four proximal carpal bones Four distal carpal bones Allow wrist to bend and twist

8-2 The Upper Limbs The Four Proximal Carpal Bones Scaphoid Lunate Near styloid process of radius Lunate Medial to scaphoid Triquetrum Medial to lunate Pisiform Anterior to triquetrum Difficult to see from posterior

8-2 The Upper Limbs The Four Distal Carpal Bones Trapezium Trapezoid Lateral Trapezoid Medial to trapezium Capitate Largest Hamate Medial, distal

Figure 8-6 Bones of the Right Wrist and Hand RADIUS RADIUS ULNA Lunate Lunate Scaphold Scaphold Triquetrum Trapezium Trapezium Pisiform Trapezoid Trapezoid I Capitate Hamate I Capitate V V Metacarpal bones IV IV III III II Metacarpal bones II Proximal phalanx Distal phalanx Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx Anterior view Posterior view 44

8-2 The Upper Limbs Metacarpal Bones Phalanges of the Hands The five long bones of the hand Numbered I–V from lateral (thumb) to medial Articulate with proximal phalanges Phalanges of the Hands 14 total finger bones Pollex (thumb) Two phalanges (proximal, distal) Fingers Three phalanges (proximal, middle, distal)

Figure 8-6a Bones of the Right Wrist and Hand RADIUS ULNA Lunate Scaphold Triquetrum Trapezium Pisiform Trapezoid I Capitate Hamate V Metacarpal bones IV II III Proximal phalanx Distal phalanx Anterior view 46

Figure 8-6b Bones of the Right Wrist and Hand RADIUS ULNA Lunate Scaphold Triquetrum Trapezium Pisiform Trapezoid Hamate I Capitate V IV III II Metacarpal bones Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx Posterior view 47

Figure 8-3a The Right Scapula Superior angle Acromion Coracoid process Superior border Lateral angle Subscapular fossa Body Lateral border Medial border Inferior angle Anterior view 48

Figure 8-3b The Right Scapula Supraglenoid tubercle Acromion Coracoid process Glenoid cavity Spine Lateral border Inferior angle Lateral view 49

Figure 8-3c The Right Scapula Supraspinous fossa Coracoid process Acromion Superior border Neck Spine Infraspinous fossa Body Medial border Lateral border Inferior angle Posterior view 50

Figure 8-4a The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint Greater tubercle Head Lesser tubercle Intertubercular groove Anatomical neck Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Shaft Radial fossa Coronoid fossa Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Capitulum Trochlea Condyle Anterior surface 51

Figure 8-4b The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint Head Greater tubercle Anatomical neck Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Radial groove Olecranon fossa Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Trochlea Posterior surface 52

Figure 8-4d The Right Humerus and Elbow Joint Medial epicondyle Olecranon fossa Olecranon Trochlea of humerus Ulna Head of radius Elbow joint, posterior view 53

Figure 8-5a The Right Radius and Ulna Olecranon Radial head Proximal radioulnar joint Neck of radius ULNA RADIUS Interosseous membrane Ulnar notch of radius Ulnar head Styloid process of ulna Styloid process of radius Posterior view 54

Figure 8-5b The Right Radius and Ulna Trochlear notch Radial head Coronoid process Neck of radius Radial notch Ulnar tuberosity Radial tuberosity RADIUS ULNA Interosseous membrane Distal radio-ulnar joint Ulnar head Styloid process of radius Anterior view 55

Figure 8-6 Bones of the Right Wrist and Hand RADIUS RADIUS ULNA Lunate Lunate Scaphold Scaphold Triquetrum Trapezium Trapezium Pisiform Trapezoid Trapezoid I Capitate Hamate I Capitate V V Metacarpal bones IV IV III III II Metacarpal bones II Proximal phalanx Distal phalanx Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx Anterior view Posterior view 56