Stress, Coping and Health

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Stress, Coping and Health
Advertisements

Chapter 13—Stress, Health, and Coping
Stress, Coping and Health
Stress, Coping, and Health
Chapter 3 Stress and Its Effects.
Stress and Coping. Stress – any circumstances that threaten or are perceived to threaten one’s well-being and tax one’s ability to cope.
Ch. 15 Stress and Health McElhaney. Ch 15 Key Topics ► 1. Big Picture definition and significance of stress- ► 2. Health – ► Behavior Health Risks ► Risk.
Introduction to Psychology Health, Stress and Coping
Stress & Health The interplay between mind, body and disease.
Chapter 13: Stress, Coping, and Health
Chapter 14: Stress and Health
CHAPTER 13 STRESS, COPING AND HEALTH. Table of Contents 2 CH. 13 STRESS Psychological states cause physical illness. Stress is any circumstance (real.
Myers EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Edition in Modules)
Units 14-16: Health Psychology Unit 14: Health Psychology - Stress.
Stress. A negative emotional state occurring in response to events that are perceived as taxing or exceeding a person’s resources or ability to cope.
Chapter 14 Stress and Stressors. The Concept of Stress Stress A physical and psychological response to events (stressors) that challenge a persons normal.
Stress. –Is the process by which we appraise and respond to environmental threats –Hans Selye believed we react similarly to physical and psychological.
Chapter 14: Stress and Health. Studying the Effects of Stress on Health Behavioral Medicine: field that combines knowledge of biomedical perspective and.
Chapter 13 Stress, Coping and Health.
Chapter 13: Stress, Coping, and Health. The Relationship Between Stress and Disease Contagious diseases vs. chronic diseases –Biopsychosocial model –Health.
Chapter 12 The Biology of Emotion and Stress. Stress Stressor - An event that either strains or overwhelms the ability of an organism to adjust to the.
Chapter 12: Emotions, Stress & Health. The Relationship Between Stress and Disease Contagious diseases vs. chronic diseases –Biopsychosocial model –Health.
Please write the question & leave room for your answers.
Stress, Coping and Health. What causes stress? Can be a variety of things that cause stress. There are different models that explain stress too.
Motivation, Emotion & Stress: Stress & Health
__________ diseases vs. ________diseases _____________ model Health psychology Health promotion and maintenance Discovery of causation, __________, and.
Defined*: the interactions between biological, psychological, and social variables. Health Psychology* : the study of determining the importance of psychological.
Myers PSYCHOLOGY Seventh Edition in Modules Module 39 Stress and Illness James A. McCubbin, Ph.D. Clemson University Worth Publishers.
Chapter 14 Stress and Health. An interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease.
Chapter 12: Stress, Coping, and Health. The Relationship Between Stress and Disease Contagious diseases vs. chronic diseases –Biopsychosocial model –Health.
Chapter 13 Psychology and Health. Module 13.1 Stress: What It Is and What It Does to the Body.
Stress, Coping, and Health. Biopsychosocial Model – physical illness is caused by a complex interaction of biology, psychology, and sociocultural factors.
Did You Know? Prolonged stress actually causes your physical DNA strands to shorten and decay. Also, laughing increases your lifespan. So does owning.
Motivation, Emotion & Stress: Stress & Health
Chapter 13: Stress, Coping, and Health
Stress & Health Chapter 17.
Chapter 14: Health Psychology: Stress, Coping, and Well-Being
Unit 8: Motivation, Emotion and Stress
Chapter 12: Stress, Coping, and Health
MANAGEMENT OF STRESS PRESENTED BY SOPHIA.
Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Unit VIII Stress and Health Worth Publishers.
STRESS & HEALTH.
STRESS & HEALTH.
Stress & Illness Chapter 14.
Psychology in Action (8e) by Karen Huffman
Stress Chronic Stress by Age.
CHAPTER 15: STRESS AND HEALTH
Проф Др Драган М. Павловић
THINK – 15 Min Use Specific Info
Chapter 12: Stress, Coping, and Health
Chapter 13 ~ Stress, Coping & Health
Chapter 12: Stress, Coping, and Health
Stress: How and why do we experience it?
Chapter 14 stress and health
Stress, Coping, and Health
Chapter 12: Stress, Coping, and Health
Thinking About Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior 2e
Chapter 13: Stress, Coping, and Health
Effects of Stress Module 13.
The Biology of Emotion and Stress
Psychology in Action (8e) by Karen Huffman
The Nature of Stress Responding to Stress Stress and Physical Health
Myers EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Edition in Modules)
Chapter 14: Stress and Health
Stress, Health and Coping
Did You Know? Prolonged stress actually causes your physical DNA strands to shorten and decay. Also, laughing increases your lifespan. So does owning.
DESCRIBING AND IMPACTS ON HEALTH
Stress and Coping You are not alone.
Chapter 12: Stress, Coping, and Health
Presentation transcript:

Stress, Coping and Health Chapter 13 Stress, Coping and Health

I. The Relationship Between Stress and Disease Contagious diseases vs. chronic diseases Biopsychosocial model states that physical illness is caused by a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. Health psychology subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine Focus: Health promotion and maintenance Discovery of causation, prevention, and treatment Prior to the 20th century, the principal threats to health were contagious diseases caused by infectious agents: smallpox, diphtheria, etc. Nutrition, public hygiene, and medical treatment have obliterated many of these diseases. Unfortunately, chronic diseases such as heart disease and cancer, diseases that develop gradually, continue to increase. The traditional view of physical illness as a purely biological phenomenon has given way to a new model, the biopsychosocial model, which holds that physical illness is caused by a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. Health psychology is the field of study that seeks to determine the importance of psychological factors in illness, as well as in prevention and health maintenance.

Did You Know… over the past 100 years, the leading causes of death in the US have changed to stress-related diseases?

Recognizing Stress (Stress Appraisal) Stressful event (tough math test) Threat (“Yikes! This is beyond me!”) Challenge (“I’ve got to apply all I know”) Panic, freeze up Aroused, focused Appraisal Response

The Body & Stress Cerebral cortex (perceives stressor) Pituitary hormone in the bloodstream stimulates the outer part of the adrenal gland to release the stress hormone cortisol Sympathetic nervous system releases the stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine from nerve endings in the inner part of the adrenal glands Thalamus Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Adrenal glands Cerebral cortex (perceives stressor) The Body & Stress

II. Stress: An Everyday Event Major stressors vs. routine hassles Cumulative nature of stress Cognitive appraisals Major types of stress Frustration – blocked goal Conflict – two or more incompatible motivations Approach-approach, approach-avoidance, avoidance-avoidance, double approach avoidance (see next slide) Change – having to adapt Holmes and Rahe – Social Readjustment Rating Scale – measures “Life Change Units” as a form of stress (a questionnaire type test) Pressure – expectations to behave in certain ways Perform/conform Stress is defined in the text as any circumstances that threaten or are perceived to threaten one’s well being and that thereby tax one’s coping ability. Researchers have discovered that minor stresses (Lazarus – daily hassles) like moving, experiencing changes in household responsibilities, etc. can add up to be as stressful as a major traumatic event like a divorce or disaster; the cumulative nature of stress. The experience of feeling stressed depends largely on cognitive processes; going on a new date is exciting for some, terrifying for others. People’s appraisals of events are very subjective and influence the effect of the event. Psychologists have outlined 4 principle types of stress: Frustration, which occurs in any situation in which the pursuit of some goal is thwarted. Ex. traffic jams. Conflict occurs when two or more incompatible motivations or behavioral impulses compete for expression. 3 types of conflict have been studied extensively: approach-approach – when a person has a choice between 2 attractive goals, approach-avoidance – when a choice must be made about whether to pursue a single goal that has both attractive and unattractive aspects…results in vacillation, or going back and forth…rats actually run up and down a ramp in this type conflict. Life changes are any noticeable alterations in one’s living circumstances that require readjustment. Holmes and Rahe (1967) developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale to measure life change as a form of stress, giving higher points (life change units) for more stressful events. Pressure involves expectations or demands that one behave in a certain way…pressure to perform or to comply.

Conflict Review these concepts

II. Ways we Respond to STRESS Stress responses are multidimensional, including emotional, psychological, and behavioral realms. Emotions commonly elicited by stress are listed on the slide. Apparently there are strong links between cognitive appraisals and which set of emotions one experiences as a function of a stressor; self-blame leads to guilt, helplessness to sadness, etc. Positive emotions may also occur during periods of stress, with positive emotions experienced while under duress having adaptive significance, promoting creativity and flexibility in problem solving, facilitating the processing of important information about oneself, and reducing the adverse physiological effects of stress. High emotion can sometimes negatively influence task performance, more so for highly complex tasks and less so for simple ones (the inverted-u-hypothesis).

Responding to STRESS con’t 1. Responding Emotionally Emotional Responses Annoyance, anger, rage Apprehension, anxiety, fear Dejection, sadness, grief Positive emotions Emotional response and performance The inverted-U-hypothesis (Yerkes-Dodson Law) Stress responses are multidimensional, including emotional, psychological, and behavioral realms. Emotions commonly elicited by stress are listed on the slide. Apparently there are strong links between cognitive appraisals and which set of emotions one experiences as a function of a stressor; self-blame leads to guilt, helplessness to sadness, etc. Positive emotions may also occur during periods of stress, with positive emotions experienced while under duress having adaptive significance, promoting creativity and flexibility in problem solving, facilitating the processing of important information about oneself, and reducing the adverse physiological effects of stress. High emotion can sometimes negatively influence task performance, more so for highly complex tasks and less so for simple ones (the inverted-u-hypothesis).

Responding to STRESS con’t 2. Responding Physiological Fight-or-flight response (Walter Cannon, 1932) Autonomic nervous system (ANS) response to threats Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome Alarm Resistance Exhaustion *See the notes box below for additional information. Stress resistance Phase 1 Alarm reaction (mobilize resources) Phase 2 Resistance (cope with stressor) Phase 3 Exhaustion (reserves depleted) The body’s resistance to stress can last only so long before exhaustion sets in Stressor occurs Physiological effects of stress include the fight-or-flight response, discovered by Walter Cannon (1932). The FF response is a physiological reaction to threat in which the autonomic nervous system (ANS) mobilizes the organism for attacking (fight) or fleeing (flight) an enemy. The fight-or-flight response is adaptive if one is faced with a predator; however, modern stressors are more long term (the checkbook). Hans Selye began studying stress in the 1930’s to determine the effects of these chronic stressors. He used an animal model, exposing them to both physical and psychological stressors to determine effects, which were nonspecific. That is, the reactions did not relate to the type of stress. Selye formulated a theory about how stress reactions occur called the general adaptation syndrome. The alarm stage occurs when an organism recognizes a threat and mobilizes resources – essentially enters the FF response. The resistance stage occurs when the stress is prolonged. This is a period when physiological arousal stabilizes but is still above baseline, as the organism copes with the stressor. The exhaustion stage occurs when the body’s resources are depleted…Selye believed that this is where diseases of adaptation come in.

Responding to STRESS con’t 3. Responding Behaviorally Behavioral Responses Frustration-aggression hypothesis catharsis defense mechanisms Coping Stress responses are multidimensional, including emotional, psychological, and behavioral realms. Emotions commonly elicited by stress are listed on the slide. Apparently there are strong links between cognitive appraisals and which set of emotions one experiences as a function of a stressor; self-blame leads to guilt, helplessness to sadness, etc. Positive emotions may also occur during periods of stress, with positive emotions experienced while under duress having adaptive significance, promoting creativity and flexibility in problem solving, facilitating the processing of important information about oneself, and reducing the adverse physiological effects of stress. High emotion can sometimes negatively influence task performance, more so for highly complex tasks and less so for simple ones (the inverted-u-hypothesis).

III. Effects of Stress 1. Behavioral & Psychological Impaired Task performance Burnout Posttraumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD) Psychological problems and disorders Positive effects Roy Baumeister’s work shows that people under pressure to perform may feel self-conscious, which leads to disruption of attention and “choking” under pressure. Burnout involves physical, mental, and emotional exhaustion that is attributable to long-term involvement in emotionally demanding situations…loss of meaning. PTSD involves enduring psychological disturbance attributed to the experience of a major traumatic event…seen after war, rape, major disasters, etc. Symptoms include re-experiencing the traumatic event in the form of nightmares and flashbacks, emotional numbing, alienation, problems in social relations, and elevated arousal, anxiety, and guilt. Chronic stress might contribute to many types of psychological problems and mental disorders, from sleep problems and unhappiness, to full-fledged psychological disorders such as schizophrenia and depression. From a positive psychology perspective, effects of stress are not entirely negative. Recent research suggests that stress can promote personal growth or self-improvement, forcing people to develop new skills, reevaluate priorities, learn new insights, and acquire new strengths. Conquering a stressful challenge may also lead to improved coping abilities and increases in self-esteem.

Did You Know… men who feel extreme hopelessness are at greater risk for heart attacks and early death? Hopelessness scores 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 Heart attack Death Low risk Moderate risk High risk Men who feel extreme hopelessness are at greater risk for heart attacks and early death

Effects of Stress con’t 2. Physical Psychosomatic diseases Heart disease Type A personalities * Behavior is prone to heart disease - 3 elements strong competitiveness impatience and time urgency anger and hostility Note: Type B personalities tend to be more laid back Emotional reactions and depression Stress and immune functioning Reduced immune activity Historically, psychosomatic diseases were defined as physical ailments with a genuine organic basis that are caused in part by psychological factors, especially emotional distress…things like hypertension, ulcers, asthma, eczema, and migraine headaches. Now we know that stress contributes to a diverse array of other diseases once thought to be completely physiologically based and using the term psychosomatic disease as a separate category has fallen into disuse. Heart disease accounts for nearly one-third of the deaths in the U.S. each year, and atherosclerosis, or gradual narrowing of the coronary arteries, is the principle cause of CHD. Risk factors for CHD include smoking, lack of exercise, high cholesterol levels, and high blood pressure. Recently, researchers have shown that inflammation may contribute to atherosclerosis, as well. Personality factors have been linked to risk for coronary heart disease. These personality characteristics have been collectively labeled Type A personality and include 3 main elements (listed on the slide). The hostility factor has been indicated as the most important predictor in this cluster of behaviors. Emotional reactions can trigger cardiac symptoms in patients with stable coronary disease. Depressive disorders may also be a risk factor for heart disease, with some studies showing that the risk of CHD is doubled with depression. Stress has also been shown to decrease the immune response, the body’s defensive reaction to invasion by bacteria, viral agents, or other foreign substances…decreasing white blood cells called lymphocytes. The featured study in the text explores the effects of stress on contracting the common cold.

IV. Factors Influencing the Impact of Stress Social support Increased immune functioning Optimism (optimistic explanatory style) Leads to more adaptive coping * Note: Pessimistic explanatory style – leads to passive coping and health practices Conscientiousness Fostering better health habits Autonomic reactivity Cardiovascular reactivity to stress Many factors moderate the effects of stress on illness, and individual differences in impact appear to be related to these moderating variables. Social support, or the various types of aid and succor provided by members of one’s social network, appear to decrease the negative impact of stress. Having an optimistic style also appears to lead to more effective coping with stress, while pessimistic styles have been related to passive coping and poor health practices. Conscientiousness also appears to be related to increased longevity, possibly because being conscientious leads to better health habits. Finally, physiological factors, such as cardiovascular reactivity to stress, appear to play a role in how significant the impact of stress is on an individual.

V. Health-Impairing Behaviors Smoking Poor nutrition Lack of exercise Alcohol and drug use Risky sexual behavior Transmission, misconceptions, and prevention of AIDS Self-destructive behavior is surprisingly common. Take smoking, for example. A 25 year old male who smokes two packs a day has an estimated life expectancy 8.3 years shorter than that of a similar, nonsmoker. Health risks decline quickly for those who give up smoking, but quitting is difficult and relapse rates are high. Poor nutritional habits and lack of exercise have been linked to heart disease, hypertension, and cancer, among other things. Alcohol and drug use carry the immediate risk of overdose and the long-term risk of many diseases. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is clearly influenced by behavior. AIDS is transmitted through person-to-person contact involving the exchange of bodily fluids, primarily semen and blood. Misconceptions about AIDS are common, either overestimations or underestimations of risk. Many young heterosexuals downplay their risk for HIV, causing them not to adopt the behavioral practices that minimize risk. So why do people engage in health impairing behavior? Most of these develop gradually and often involve pleasant activities. Risks lie in the distant future, and people tend to underestimate risks that apply to them personally.

VI. Maladaptive Reactions to Illness Failure to Seek Treatment Ignoring physical symptoms Poor Communication with health care providers Barriers to effective communication – not honest or leaves out pertinent information Not following medical advice Noncompliance (ex: not taking meds or not following Dr.’s orders May be due to frustration with Dr. or feeling like you are better so you stop w/ meds which can lead to symptom relapse Many reactions to illness are not conducive to health. For example, many people ignore physical symptoms, resulting in delay in medical treatment. Even when they seek medical help, communication between patients and health care providers is not always honest or efficient. Noncompliance with medical advice is a serious issue. Noncompliance is more likely if instructions are hard to understand, when they are difficult to follow, and when patients are unhappy with their doctor.

VII. Promoting Health 1. Aerobic Exercise Depression score 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 Before treatment evaluation After treatment No-treatment group Aerobic exercise Relaxation treatment 1. Aerobic Exercise sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness

Did you know… Cause of death smoking-related early deaths greatly outnumber car crashes and homicides? 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 33,348 1,686 1,135 556 202 Smoking Suicide Vehicle HIV/ Homicide crash AIDS Cause of death Number of deaths per 100,000

Promoting Health cont. 2. Biofeedback system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state blood pressure muscle tension

Life-style modification patients Promoting Health cont. 3. Modifying “Type A” life-style can reduce recurrence of heart attacks (basically relax Percentage of patients with recurrent heart attacks (cumulative average) 6 5 4 3 2 1 Year 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 Life-style modification patients Control patients Modifying life-style reduced recurrent

Promoting Health cont. 4. Social support across the life span (Friends & Family) 12-14 18-19 25-34 45-54 65-74 15-17 20-24 35-44 55-64 75+ Age in years 100% 90 80 70 60 50 Percentage with high support

If those don’t bother you, did you know… Do You Know… the actual physical effects of nicotine? (look at the chart) If those don’t bother you, did you know… research has also shown that smoking causes wrinkles, acne and reduced sex drive?

Promoting Health cont. 5. Religious Attendance

Multidimensional theory on why the “religion factor” promotes health. Promoting Health cont. Multidimensional theory on why the “religion factor” promotes health. Religious involvement Healthy behaviors (less smoking, drinking) Social support (faith communities, marriage) Positive emotions (less stress, anxiety) Better health (less immune system suppression, stress hormones, and suicide)

If those don’t bother you, did you know… Do You Know… the actual physical effects of nicotine? (look at the chart) If those don’t bother you, did you know… research has also shown that smoking causes wrinkles, acne and reduced sex drive?

Level of social support YOU choose how to interpret a situation… pick a healthy perspective. Life events Tendency toward Health Illness Personal appraisal Challenge Threat Personality type Easy going Nondepressed Optimistic Hostile Depressed Pessimistic Personality habits Nonsmoking Regular exercise Good nutrition Smoking Sedentary Poor nutrition Level of social support Close, enduring Lacking

The End