1. Stress

2. A negative emotional state occurring in response to events that are perceived as taxing or exceeding a person’s resources or ability to cope

3. Health psychology

4. The branch of psychology that studies how biological, behavioral, and social factors influence health, illness, medical treatment, and health-related behaviors

5. Biopsychosocial model

6. The belief that physical health and illness are determined by the complex interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors

7. Stressors

8. Events or situations that are perceived as harmful, threatening, or challenging

9. Daily hassles

10. Everyday minor events that annoy and upset people

11. Conflict

12. A situation in which a person feels pulled between two or more opposing desires, motives, or goals

13. Acculturative stress

14. The stress that results from the pressure of adapting to a new culture

15. Fight-or-flight response

16. A rapidly occurring chain of internal physical reactions that prepare people either to fight or take flight from an immediate threat

17. Catecholamines

18. Hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla that cause rapid physiological arousal; include adrenaline and noradrenaline

19. General adaptation syndrome

20. Selye’s term for the three-stage progression of physical changes that occur when and organism is exposed to intense and prolonged stress. The three stages are alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

21. Corticosteroids

22. Hormones released by the adrenal cortex that play a key role in the body’s response to long-term stressors

23. Immune system

24. Body system that produces specialized white blood cells that protect the body from viruses, bacteria, and tumor cells

25. Lymphocytes

26. Specialized white blood cells that are responsible for immune defenses

27. Psychoneuroimmunology

28. An interdisciplinary field that studies the interconnections among psychological processes, nervous and endocrine system functions, and the immune system

29. Optimistic explanatory style

30. Accounting for negative events or situations with external, unstable, and specific explanations

31. Pessimistic explanatory style

32. Accounting for negative events or situations with internal, stable, and global explanations.

33. Type A behavior pattern

34. A behavioral and emotional style characterized by a sense of time urgency, hostility, and competitiveness

35. Social support

36. The resources provided by other people in times of need

37. Coping

38. Behavioral and cognitive responses used to deal with stressors; involves efforts to change circumstances, or your interpretation of circumstances, to make them more favorable and less threatening

39. Problem focused coping

40. Coping efforts primarily aimed at directly changing or managing a threatening or harmful stressor

41. Emotion-focused coping

42. Coping efforts primarily aimed at relieving or regulating the emotional impact of a stressful situation

43. Robert Ader (b. 1932)

44. American psychologist who, with immunologist Nicholas Cohen, first demonstrated that immune system responses could be classically conditioned; helped establish the new interdisciplinary field of psychoneuroimmunology

45. Walter B. Cannon (1871-1945)

46. American physiologist who made several important contributions to psychology, especially in the study of emotions. Described the fight-or-flight response, which involves the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system

47. Janice Kiecolt-Glaser (b. 1951)

48. American psychologist who, with immunologist Ronald Glaser, has conducted extensive research on the effects of stress on the immune system

49. Richard Lazarus (b. 1922)

50. American psychologist who helped promote the cognitive perspective in the study of emotion and stress; developed the cognitive appraisal model of stress and coping with co-researcher Susan Folkman

51. Martin Seligman (b. 1942)

52. American psychologist who conducted research on explanatory style and the role it plays in stress, health, and illness

53. Hans Selye (1907-1982)

54. Canadian endocrinologist who was a pioneer in stress research; defined stress as “the nonspecific response of the body to any demand placed on it” and described a three- stage response to prolonged stress that he termed the general adaptation syndrome