The Age of Imperialism (1800–1914) Lesson 3 Europe and the Muslim World

The Age of Imperialism (1800–1914) Lesson 3 Europe and the Muslim World Learning Objectives Explain how internal and external pressures shaped the Muslim world. Identify the challenges facing the Ottoman empire and Persia. Describe the ways Egypt tried to modernize, including the opening of the Suez Canal.

The Age of Imperialism (1800–1914) Lesson 3 Europe and the Muslim World Key Terms Muhammad Ahmad Mahdi pashas, sultans, Genocide Muhammad Ali, concessions,

Unrest in Muslim Regions In 1800, the Muslim world extended from North Africa to Southeast Asia. Much of this world was ruled by three giant Muslim empires––the Ottomans in the Middle East, the Mughals in India, and the Safavids (sah FAH vidz) in Persia. By this time, however, all three empires were in decline.

Unrest in Muslim Regions Declining Empires Muslim Reform Efforts Some called for stricter religious piety- conservatives Others wanted democratic reforms- liberals Conservative groups Muhammad Ahmad- Mahdi Wahhabi Government should push goals of Islam European Imperialism Forced favorable treaties on Muslim lands Interfered in affairs and took over whole regions

Unrest in Muslim Regions During the Battle of the Pyramids in 1798, Napoleon and his army captured the Egyptian city of Cairo.

Unrest in Muslim Regions Analyze Maps Western imperialism gained steam at a time when the three major Muslim empires were in decline. In which empire might ethnic diversity have created internal challenges? Why?

The Ottoman Empire Declines At its height, the Ottoman empire extended across the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Eastern Europe. By 1800, however, it faced serious challenges. Ambitious pashas, or provincial rulers, had increased their power. Economic problems and corruption added to Ottoman decay.

The Ottoman Empire Declines Nationalist Revolts Pashas- local rulers exerting more control Nationalism- people under empire wanted out sick man of Europe Increasing European Pressure Efforts to Westernize Modernize military and govt Conservatives didn’t like changes The Young Turks Overthrew the Sultan Reform empire to save it, WWI ruined plan Armenian Genocide Feared Christian Armenians would try to break away possibly a million killed

The Ottoman Empire Declines Midhat Pasha served as both governor of Bulgaria and Baghdad in the Ottoman empire. In 1876, he led a revolt that overthrew the sultan in Baghdad.

Modernization in Egypt Egypt in 1800 was a semi-independent province of the Ottoman empire. In the early 1800s, it made great strides toward reform. Its success was due to Muhammad Ali, an Albanian Muslim soldier who was appointed governor of Egypt in 1805. Ali had helped to oust the French from Egypt. They were remnants of Napoleon's forces that had occupied the land for several years. The French occupation had disrupted Egypt's traditional government, which gave Muhammad Ali an opportunity to remake Egypt.

Modernization in Egypt Reform Efforts Muhammad Ali- founder of modern Egypt Modernized the country The Suez Canal Ferdinand de Lesseps Opened in 1869 connecting Med. Sea and Red Sea No longer sail around Africa Becoming a British Protectorate 1882, GB made Egypt a protectorate to protect their own interests

Modernization in Egypt Muhammad Ali, the Ottoman governor of Egypt, sought to make Egypt a modern state.

European Imperialism in Persia Like the Ottoman empire, Persia faced major challenges in the 1800s. At first, the Qajar (kah JAHR) shahs, who ruled Persia from 1794 to 1925, exercised absolute power like the Safavids before them. Still, they did take steps to introduce reforms. The government improved finances and sponsored the building of railroads and telegraph lines. By the early 1900s, it was even experimenting with liberal reforms.

European Imperialism in Persia The Great Game GB and Russia competed for influence in region Russian taking north and Britain the South Both wanted Persian oil fields Tensions Within Persia Had to make concessions to pay their debts Europeans exploited Eventually conflict between Moderates and Conservatives in the country

European Imperialism in Persia Overthrown in 1925, Ahmad Shah Qajar was the last Qajar shah to rule Persia.

Quiz: Unrest in Muslim Regions What is one way that Western powers gained the upper hand in Muslim regions of the world? A. by imposing heavy taxes on non-Christians B. by forcing Muslims to convert to Christianity C. by sending troops to protect their interests D. by establishing colonies but giving Muslim regions control over local affairs

Quiz: The Ottoman Empire Declines How were efforts to Westernize problematic for the Ottoman empire? A. They were incredibly costly and significantly increased taxes. B. Adoption of Western styles of government led to resentment of foreign influence and increased tensions. C. They were unpopular with the majority of people and ineffective. D. They led to violent uprisings and militant extremist influences.

Quiz: Modernization in Egypt How did Egypt fall under British control? A. Egyptian nationalists aided the British military. B. Britain conquered Egypt through military conquest. C. Egyptian nationalists refused to pay back British loans. D. Britain expanded its economic influence and then made Egypt a protectorate.

Quiz: European Imperialism in Persia For what reason did Persia attract foreign interest in the early 1900s? A. Oil was discovered in Persia. B. Persia offered very favorable trade agreements. C. There were no taxes in Persia in the early 1900s. D. Persia had a multitude of untapped natural resources.