Disorders of the Endocrine System

Thyroid Gland Hormone: Thyroxin Overactivity (Too much hormone) Increased metabolic rate Increased food intake but loss of weight Hyperthyroidism (Grave’s disease) Goitre (swollen neck, maybe bulging eyes)

Goitre

Thyroid Gland Hormone: Thyroxin Underactivity (Not enough hormone) Hypothyroidism (Hashimoto’s disease) - Reduced metabolic rate Low food intake but gain of weight Myxoedema (when onset in adults) Cretinism (when onset in children) Can also cause a goitre

Myxoedema Puffiness (swelling) Fatigue Obesity Dry, thickened skin Mental impairment Thin, brittle hair

Cretinism Protuberant abdomen Short Stature Infertility Neurological impairment Constant Fatigue Obesity

Thyroid Gland Hormone: Calcitonin Overactivity - Increased Bone Ca, decreased Blood Ca - Tetany (nerve problems leading to muscle spasms or cramps) Underactivity - Increase Blood Ca, decreased Bone Ca Osteoporosis (brittle bones) Kidney stones

Parathyroid Glands Hormone: Parathormone (PTH) Underactivity Low Blood calcium, High Bone Ca Tetany Overactivity High Blood calcium, Low Bone Ca Osteoporosis

Pancreas Hormone: Insulin Overactivity Low blood sugar level ( ↓BSL) Hypoglycemia Underactivity High blood sugar level ( ↑BSL) Hyperglycemia Diabetes

Pancreas Hormone: Glucagon Overactivity High blood sugar level ( ↑BSL) Diabetes Underactivity Low blood sugar level ( ↓BSL) Hyper insulinism

Anterior Pituitary Gland Hormone: Growth Hormone Overactive Giantism (children - very tall) Acromegaly (adults - bones & skin thicken) Underactive - Dwarfism (very short)

Giantism The man holding the baby in the photo is 8 ft, 2.5 inches tall

Acromegaly

Dwarfism Dwarfism occurs when there is short supply of GH in childhood. There are two types of dwarfism – Lorrain and Frohlich’s

Calcitonin Vs. Parathormone Over Reactivity Under Reactivity Blood Ca Blood Ca Blood Ca Blood Ca Tetany Osteoporosis Kidney Stones Blood Ca Blood Ca Tetany Osteoporosis Kidney Stones

Insulin vs Glucagon Insulin – Glucagon - Over Reactivity Under Reactivity BSL BSL Hypoglycemia BSL BSL Hyperglycemia Diabetes BSL Hyperglycemia Diabetes Hypoglycemia BSL

Common Diseases and Disorders Disease/Disorder Description Acromegaly Too much growth hormone produced in adults; enlargement of bones and thickened skin Addison’s disease Adrenal gland fails to produce enough corticosteroids Cretinism Extreme form of hypothyroidism present prior to or soon after birth Cushing’s disease Hypercortisolism; over-production of cortisol Diabetes insipidus Kidneys fail to reabsorb water, resulting in excessive urination; hyposecretion of ADH

Common Diseases and Disorders Disease/Disorder Description Diabetes mellitus Type I Type II Gestational Chronic disease characterized by elevated blood glucose levels Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; usually develops in childhood Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; primarily in adults but increased incidence in teens Occurs during pregnancy; usually temporary Dwarfism Too little growth hormone (somatotropin) produced during childhood

Common Diseases and Disorders Disease/Disorder Description Gigantism Too much growth hormone produced during childhood Goiter Enlargement of thyroid gland, causing swelling in neck; deficiency of iodine in diet Grave’s disease Hyperthyroidism; antibodies attach to thyroid gland, causing it to produce too much thyroid hormone Myxedema Thyroid gland produces inadequate amounts of thyroid hormone; common in females over 50