HISTORY OF COMPUTERS AND TECHNOLOGY Information Technology II INT211

Internet The Internet can be described as a system of multiple computer networks interconnected across the globe that share data, information and services using the IP protocol

History After the lunching of the satellite Sputnik by the USSR, the US military engaged in research to gain an advantage in technology. The Advance Research Project Agency (ARPA) was created on February 1958. Here vast studies in networking were made including the method of data transfer such as packet switching. The network ARPANET was lunched at UCLA on October 29, 1969.Then on January 1, 1983 the TCP/IP WAN became operational, followed by a commercial network in 1995. The TCP/IP became popular around the 1990’s and became public. In August 1991, CERN introduced the World Wide Web project and 2 years later Tim Berners-Lee started creating HTML, HTTP and some web pages under CERN. Late 1994 came by and the Mosaic Web Browser v1.0 was produced and by 1996 the internet was global

WWW The www is a set of Protocols and Software that allows the global computer network called the internet to display multimedia documents.

Internet A Computer A modem A telephone line A valid Account A Browser Basic Equipment Needed A Computer A modem A telephone line A valid Account A Browser What is found on the Internet? Extensive information, practically about any topic in any language. • Files in different formats and sizes. • Communicational tools such as chatting rooms, e-mail, forums, etc. • Business and Commercial oriented information including the possibility of doing transactions on line, like banking, buying & selling, etc. • Educational and Entertainment such as: online schools, dictionaries, encyclopedias, virtual museums, games, music, movies, etc. Malware: Viruses, Trojan Horse, Spyware, Worms, Botnet, Cyber-crime etc. Anti-Virus Cookies / Search Engine Spiders Remote Desktop Connection Capabilities.

Identify the components…

Internet Web pages: are documents containing information about specific topics. Some parts of this information (such as portions of text, graphics or buttons) can be linked to other documents with more information. Web sites: are collections of web pages (HTML). Web portals: are collections of web sites. Hyperlinks: are the portions of text, graphics or buttons that connect the user to other websites, web pages or articles. Web Server: The computer where the files used in web sites are stored and made available. Web master: is the person in charge of the design, implementation, and functionality of a web site. Client: is the computer from which a user connects to Internet

URL Refers to the location of a document, a website, or web page. It provides information about the protocol used to transfer the data, the name of the web server, where the object is located on that server and the name and extension of the document

It looks like this: http://www.ub.edu.bz/infotech/cmps_140.html. WHERE http: is the protocol used to transfer the data, in this case hyper text transfer protocol. www: means that the document is in the world wide web network ub.edu.bz is the name of the server where the document is located. The portion bz, is an identifier for the country of Belize. Each country hast its own ID. Infotech: refers to the name of the folder where the web master decided to store the document on the web server. Cmps_140.html: is the name of the file containing the information

How Does it Work Once the user types a URL in the browser, a direct link between the server and the client is established and the files containing the information the user requests, by typing the URL or by clicking on the hyperlinks, are transferred from the server to the client, only when those files are in the local machine the information will be displayed on the screen of the use

E-Mail E-mail stands for electronic mail and is faster, more reliable and more secure than the normal mail. It is limited to documents that include text and graphics, which can be exchanged among users worldwide Users need to first have an e-mail address and an internet connection, with these in mind; messages can be sent to another user by simply typing his/her e-mail address using particular software. An e-mail address is a specific address where data can be sent using the Internet across computers. It of course requires a user to have an e-mail and access to Internet. An e-mail address looks like this: acrespo@ub.edu.bz, where acrespo is the user name and ub.edu.bz is the server that provides this service to this particular user. E-mail addresses will always be typed in small letters

Cryptographic (Encryption) E-Mail Security IMAP – Internet Message Access Protocol POP – Post Office Protocol (POP3) SMTP – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Cryptographic (Encryption) SSL – Secure Socket Layer TLS – For Web Traffic IPSEC – For Network Security

Downloading And Decompressing Files Compressed File All the information from the Internet needs to be transferred to the local computer before it can be displayed on the screen. This is known as ‘downloading’, when the transfer occurs in the other direction, it is known as ‘uploading’. Applications, movies, and other resources available on the Internet usually come in huge files. These files need to be compressed in order to reduce its size and to facilitate uploading and downloading. Sometimes the compressed files are also split into several parts

Compression Software The most popular ones are: Winzip, Winrar, and There are many applications used to compress files. The most popular ones are: Winzip, Winrar, and 7- zip. The differences are slight and are mostly determined by the compression ratio offered and the compatibility with the various types of files Exercise: Go to GOOGLE.COM and search for “Compression Software”

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