1. XHTML Introductory1 Linking and Publishing Basic Web Pages Chapter 3

2. XHTML Introductory2 Objectives In this chapter, you will: Link Web pages Study Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) Create absolute and relative links Create links within the same Web page Learn how to publish your Web pages Study metadata

3. XHTML Introductory3 You activate a hypertext link by clicking it with your mouse button A hypertext link in an HTML document is underlined and often displayed in a vivid color The text or image used to represent a link on a Web page is called an anchor You create a basic hypertext link using the element (the a stands for anchor) Linking Web Pages

4. XHTML Introductory4 Linking Web Pages

5. XHTML Introductory5 Linking Web Pages It is not always necessary to use images for links because basic text links, if properly placed on a Web page, can be just as effective It takes much less time to create a text-based hyperlink than it does to design an image to use as a hyperlink

6. XHTML Introductory6 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) –manages the hypertext links that are used to navigate the Web –ensures that Web browsers correctly process and display the various types of information contained in Web pages (text, graphics, audio, and so on) The protocol portion of a URL is followed by a colon, two forward slashes, and a host A host refers to a computer system that is being accessed by a remote computer The host portion of a URL is usually www for “World Wide Web” Uniform Resource Locators

7. XHTML Introductory7 Domain name –a unique address used for identifying a computer, often a Web server, on the Internet –consists of two parts separated by a period –The first part of a domain name is usually text that easily identifies a person or an organization, such as DonGosselin or Course –The last part of a domain name, known as the domain identifier, identifies the type of institution or organization –Common domain identifiers include.biz,.com,.edu,.info,.net,.org,.gov,.mil, or.int Uniform Resource Locators

8. XHTML Introductory8 Uniform Resource Locators

9. XHTML Introductory9 Absolute and Relative Links An absolute URL refers to the full Web address of a Web page or to a specific drive and directory A relative URL specifies the location of a file relative to the location of the currently loaded Web page

10. XHTML Introductory10 Linking Within the Same Web Page Bookmarks are internal links within the current document and can be a particularly effective tool for helping users navigate through a long Web page You create bookmark links by using the id attribute The standard id attribute uniquely identifies an individual element in a document Any element that includes an id attribute can be the target of a link

11. XHTML Introductory11 Linking Within the Same Web Page The id attribute replaces the name attribute that is used in HTML Many older browsers do not recognize the id attribute To address this problem the name attribute was not deprecated in the element To ensure that your links are valid in older browsers, you must use both the id and name attributes inside an element and assign the same value to both attributes

12. XHTML Introductory12 Publishing Your Web Pages Web hosting refers to the publication of a Web site for public access You can use your own computer to host your Web site, provided it is connected to the Internet Although you may have a state-of-the art desktop computer, it will probably still be slower than a professional-strength Web server, which is a special type of computer used for hosting Web sites

13. XHTML Introductory13 Publishing Your Web Pages Most people use an Internet Service Provider (ISP) to host their Web sites An ISP provides access to the Internet along with other types of services including e-mail Most ISPs have extremely fast Internet connections using advanced fiber-optic connections that are light years more powerful than a dial-up modem ISPs also have very large and powerful Web servers, along with the expertise and manpower to maintain and manage them

14. XHTML Introductory14 Domain Name Registration One important decision you need to make is what to use for a domain name To find out the availability of a domain name and register it, you must contact a domain name registrar Domain names are stored in a master database that is maintained by InterNIC, the organization responsible for the registration of domain names and IP addresses

15. XHTML Introductory15 Domain Name Registration A popular domain name registrar is Network Solutions, a division of VeriSign Once you register your domain name, you need to notify your ISP of your domain information Usually, it is easier to register your domain name through the ISP you intend to use because they can automatically handle the details of setting up the domain for you

16. XHTML Introductory16 File Transfer Protocol File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the protocol used for transferring files across the Internet A Web browser is not the target for files transferred by FTP FTP simply transfers files between an FTP client (your computer) and an FTP server (a server capable of running FTP)

17. XHTML Introductory17 File Transfer Protocol To publish your Web site, you must upload your files to your ISP’s FTP server Your ISP will give you a user name and password that you must use to log into the FTP site Various types of commercial shareware software exist that you can use to access an FTP site Many HTML Editors such as FrontPage have built-in commands that you can use to log into an FTP server and upload your files

18. XHTML Introductory18 File Transfer Protocol

19. XHTML Introductory19 Advertising Your Web Site Web directories are listings of Web sites that have been compiled by humans Search engines use software to “crawl” or “spider” their way through the Web and automatically compile an index of Web sites Yahoo! is an example of a Web directory that is compiled by humans, whereas HotBot is an example of a search engine that finds Web sites automatically

20. XHTML Introductory20 Advertising Your Web Site Waiting for search engines and directories to come to you is not the best way of advertising your site Your best bet is to submit your site to a search engine or Web directory when you first publish it or whenever you make major changes to it Most search engines and directories have a button that allows you to submit a site

21. XHTML Introductory21 Advertising Your Web Site Directories such as Yahoo! that are compiled by humans require that you include a description of your Web site when you submit it In comparison, to find information about a Web site, a search engine’s “spider” (also called a “crawler” or “robot”) will visit a page on the site, record information about the page in an index, and then follow any links to other pages within the site and index their information

22. XHTML Introductory22 Metadata The term metadata means information about information In a Web page, you use the element to provide information to search engines and Web servers about the information in your Web page You must place the element within the element You can use three primary attributes with the element: name, content, and http-equiv

23. XHTML Introductory23 The name Attribute You use the name attribute to define the name of the information you want to provide about the Web page You can use any text you like as the value of the name attribute

24. XHTML Introductory24 The name Attribute Two values that are used by some search engines are description and keyword –Many search engines create a description of a Web page based on the first 200 characters following the opening tag, unless the Web page includes a description element –Keywords are the words that describe the type of Web page a user is looking for and will likely type into a Web directory or search engine

25. XHTML Introductory25 Hiding Web Pages from Search Engines Your Web site may includes pages that you do not want to be included in any search engine indexes For instance, you may have a page that stores personal information or private data that, although not private enough to encrypt using special security software or a protocol such as HTTPS, should not be returned to a user who performs a search in a search engine

26. XHTML Introductory26 Hiding Web Pages from Search Engines You can inform search engine spiders that you do not want certain pages on your site to be indexed by placing a file named robots.tx in the root directory of the Web server that hosts your Web site This technique is called the Robots Exclusion Protocol

27. XHTML Introductory27 The http-equiv Attribute When a user wants to access a Web page, either by entering its URL in a browser’s Address box or by clicking a link, the user’s Web browser asks the Web server for the Web page in what is referred to as a request What the Web server returns to the user is called the response One part of the response is the requested Web page

28. XHTML Introductory28 The http-equiv Attribute The response header is sent to the Web browser before the Web page is sent in order to provide information that the browser needs to render the page One of the most important pieces of information in the response header is the type of data, or content- type, that the server is sending One important use of the element is to specify a document’s character encoding The W3C strongly encourages the use of content- type elements to specify an XHTML document’s character set

29. XHTML Introductory29 Summary The text or image used to represent a link on a Web page is called an anchor Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) manages the hypertext links that are used to navigate the Web A host refers to a computer system that is being accessed by a remote computer An absolute Uniform Resource Locator (URL) refers to the full Web address of a Web page or to a specific drive and directory

30. XHTML Introductory30 Summary A relative URL specifies the location of a file relative to the location of the currently loaded Web page Web hosting refers to the publication of a Web site for public access Domain names are stored in a master database that is maintained by InterNIC, the organization responsible for the registration of domain names and Internet Protocol (IP) addresses

31. XHTML Introductory31 Summary File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the protocol used for transferring files across the Internet Search engines use software to “crawl” or “spider” their way through the Web and automatically compile an index of Web sites You use the element to provide information to search engines and Web servers about the information in your Web page