Animals & Behavior Chapter 13

The Animal Kingdom Section 1 Over 1 million species of animals Vertebrate = any animal with a skull and a backbone. Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, & mammals (less than 5% of known animal species are vertebrates) Invertebrate = animals without back bones Insects, snails, jellyfish, worms

Section 1

That’s an Animal? Section 1 There is no single answer to what is an animal? But all animals share characteristics that set them apart from all other living things. Animals have many cells Multicellular = made of many cells (we have trillions of cells in our bodies) Animal cells are eukaryotic and they don’t have cell walls (they are only surrounded by cell walls)

That’s an Animal? Cont. Section 1 Animals usually reproduce by sexual reproduction Animals usually make sex cells: eggs or sperm When an egg & sperm come together fertilization! They form the first cell of a new individual Some animals (like sponges & starfish) can also reproduce asexually Budding & division

That’s an Animal? Cont. Animals develop from embryos Section 1 The fertilized egg cell divides into many different cells to form an embryo Embryo = an organism in the earliest stage of development.

That’s an Animal? Cont. Section 1 Animals have many specialized parts have distinct parts that do different things These parts begin to differentiate soon after fertilization. Tissues = collections of similar cells Muscle, nervous, etc. Organs = the combination of two or more tissues Heart, lungs & kidneys Your different organs preform different jobs

That’s an Animal? Cont. Section 1 Animals Move Most animals move – they fly, run, swim, & jump They move quickly and in a single direction Some animals do not move much – attach to rocks & wait for food to come to them. (Sea anemones & clams)

That’s an Animal? Cont. Section 1 Animals are Consumers Animals cannot make their own food. All animals survive by eating other organisms, parts of other organisms, or the products of other organisms. Consumers = an organism that eats other organisms.

Animal Behavior Section 2 They move for a reason Run from enemies Climb for food Build homes Battle for territory Migrate

Survival Behavior Section 2 Looking for Lunch Whatever the meal of choice, animals have adapted to their surroundings so that they can obtain the most food using the least amount of energy How to Avoid Being Eaten Predators = animals that eat other animals Prey = the animal being eaten Animals will pass up a good meal if it’s too dangerous to get

Survival Behavior: Cont. Section 2 Survival Behavior: Cont. Hiding Out One way to avoid being eaten is to be hard to see. Camouflage = blending in with the background In Your Face Physical features: send a clear signal of trouble to any potential predators (bull’s horns) Chemicals: irritating to deadly (Skunk; Poison- dart frog) Warning coloration – bright design used to advertise chemical weapons

Why Do They Behave That Way? Section 2 Why Do They Behave That Way? How do animals know when a situation is dangerous? How do predators know which warning coloration to avoid? It’s in the Genes Innate Behavior = behavior that doesn’t depend on learning or experience but is instead influenced by genes (Not all of these are present at birth)

Why Do They Behave That Way? Cont. Section 2 Why Do They Behave That Way? Cont. Animal School Just because a behavior is innate doesn’t mean that it cannot be modified Learn Behavior = behavior that has been learned from experience or from observing other animals. (humans inherently speak but the language that we speak is learned) Nearly all animals can learn

Seasonal Behavior Section 2 Animals often must deal with the hardships of little food and/or bitter cold. How do they do this? World Travelers Migrate = to travel for one place to another and back again. Animals migrate to find food, water, or safe nesting ground

Seasonal Behavior: Cont. Section 2 Seasonal Behavior: Cont. Slowing Down Hibernation = a period of inactivity & decreased body temperature the some animals experience in winter (they survive off of body fat) Mice, squirrels, skunks & bears Estivation = a hibernation that some animals do during the summer.

The Rhythms of Life Section 2 Biological clock = the internal control of natural cycles (internal clock that tells animals when to do certain things) Circadian rhythms = biological clock that controls daily life (when to wake up & when to sleep/eat/etc.)

How do Animals Find Their Way? Section 2 How do Animals Find Their Way? Navigate = find their way from one place to another. Take a Left at the Post Office Landmarks = fixed objects that an animal uses to find its way. Compass Anyone? Some animals use Earth’s magnetic field to navigate

Living Together Section 3 Social behavior = the interaction between animals of the same species Can be friendly or hostile Requires communication Can be in large groups or one on one

Communication Section 3 Communication = a signal must travel from one animal to another, & the receiver of the signal must respond in some way Helps animals live together, find food, avoid enemies, protect their homes, warn others of danger, identify family members, frighten predators, & to find mates. Territory = an area that is occupied by one animal or a group of animals & other members of the species are excluded from

How Do Animals Communicate? Section 3 How Do Animals Communicate? They communicate through smell, sound, vision, & touch Do You Sell Trouble? Pheromones = chemicals animals give off to communicate with one another. Trail substances, recognition odors, & attract mates Do You Hear What I Hear? Sound is an signal that can reach a large number of animals over a large area

How Do Animals Communicate? Cont. Section 3 How Do Animals Communicate? Cont. Showing Off Body language – the process of communicating nonverbally through conscious or unconscious gestures & movement Getting in Touch An animal may also use touch to communicate

Part of the Family Section 3 Why do some animals live in groups, while others live apart? The Benefits of Living in a Group It is much safer than living alone It helps animals find food The Downside of Living in a Group Groups attract predators, need more food There is competition for food and mates Diseases spread through groups more easily