The Ottoman and Safavid Empires Main Idea The Ottoman and Safavid empires flourished under powerful rulers who expanded the territory and cultural influence of their empires.

The Ottoman Empire Nomadic Muslim warriors from Anatolia began to expand in all directions Nomadic people, ghazis, “warriors for the Islam faith” Ghazi leader Osman I had built strong state in Anatolia by 1300 Osman, descendants came to be known as Ottomans to Westerners Ottomans Added Greek territory Took Constantinople (renamed Istanbul) Mehmed II the Conqueror Suleyman I the Magnificent, the Lawgiver Growth of the Empire Successful governance, legal codes, and tax reform Diversity of people and class distinctions Religious freedom and Millets

Conflict and Influence The Safavid Empire East of the Ottomans, Persian Muslims called the Safavids began building an empire around 1500. 14-year old Esma’il, founder of Safavid Empire Took the title of shah Made Shiism the official religion Blend of Persian culture and Shia religion Growth of the Empire Changes under Abbas Beautiful public spaces Build up military Start trading traditional pieces Culture and Economy Fights with Ottomans Battles with Uzbeks Conversion of the Sunni tribes Conflicts with Iraq and Saudi Arabia today Conflict and Influence

Empires in India The Arrival of Islam Muslim Raiders Muslim rulers created a powerful empire in which military might and artistic culture flourished. Invaded a divided India. During period of small kingdoms, Arab Muslim traders arrived in India for first time Traders sailed to ports on west coast in search of goods such as spices Over time, traders settled in India, lived peacefully beside Hindus, Buddhists The Arrival of Islam Next Muslims to arrive not so peaceful Invaded region of Sind - now called Pakistan Poured into north India from Afghanistan By 1200s, most of northern India under Muslim control Muslim Raiders

Delhi Sultanate Mughal Empire Rulers in sultanate tolerant, allowed traditional customs, religions Blending cultures from Islam and India Urdu language combined Arabic and Sanskrit Mughal Empire Mongols invaders take over control in India Babur – built great civilization known for wealth and power Akbar the Great – hold diverse population together through marriage, force, and religious toleration; promoted the arts and tax reforms Later rulers were less tolerant, spent much on building and wars with Christians and other Muslims, fell to British colonizers

Sikhism Guru Nanak founded the faith around 1500 AD Some Sikhs had supported rebellion against Jahangir Sikhism, blended elements of Islam, Hinduism Like Muslims, believe in one God, who created world, who has no physical form Unlike Muslims, who believe in afterlife, believe in reincarnation Believe goal of existence to be freed from cycle of rebirth, attain unity with God Do not practice rituals like pilgrimage, yoga, from the earlier religions Wear long hair to honor God of creation and turbans to signify their social equality

The Chinese Dynasties Main Idea During the Ming and Qing dynasties, China prospered and was a highly advanced civilization, but the empire entered a period of isolation in response to increasing European contact. Ming Dynasty Peasant led a rebellion to overthrow the Mongolian rule Restored traditional Chinese culture and Confucian principles Consolidated power within the government Son moved capital to Beijing and built the Forbidden City Sent ships across Indian Ocean and rebuilt Great Wall

The Qing Dynasty Corruption within Ming ruling family created an opportunity for the seizure of Beijing by Manchu people who would add vast lands and accept much of Chinese government, religion, and culture As foreigners, Manchu initially faced resistance from Chinese subjects To win support, Manchu showed respect for Chinese customs, maintained Confucian traditions Resistance Reduced taxes for peasants, expanded empire into Central Asia Supported arts, entertained Jesuit priests at court Learned European advances in science, other areas Kangxi Manchu rulers carried over much Ming government structure Continued civil service exam system Government positions distributed equally among Chinese, Manchu officials New Government Conquered Taiwan, Mongolia, Tibet Agricultural production continued to rise, population boomed Improved transportation, new foreign and domestic markets Qianlong The Manchu remained separate Manchu not allowed to marry Chinese Women forbidden to bind feet Men had to wear hair in Manchu style Restrictions

Japan’s Warrior Society Local clans began fighting for power and land but with no law and order from central government landowners hired armies of samurai. Use of samurai, trained professional warriors to defend land Similar to feudal system in Europe except not given land Military service in payments for food Land worked by peasants Feudalism and Samurai Held in great respect by people Bushido – way of the warrior Seppuku – suicide over shame Disciplines of the arts and ritual Zen Buddhism – meditation and mind focus Code of the Samurai Shogun rule resulted from the most powerful clan becoming the military dynasty in Japan with the Emperor serving only as a figurehead. Eventually broke down into smaller daimyo. Shogun and samurai lost power after the introduction of the gun into society.

The Tokugawa Shogunate Strong Central Government Established capital at quiet fishing village, Edo, now Tokyo Period of relative unity, peace, stability Required daimyo to live in Edo periodically, leave families there year-round as “hostages” Agricultural production rose, population and cities grew New roads linked main cities, castle towns, improving trade Rigid Feudal System Emperor for show on top, shoguns closely controlled daimyo with local power through the protection of the samurai Three lower classes with no political or military power Lower Classes Peasants only allowed to farm, greatly esteemed, paid most of the taxes Artisans lived in castle towns and made armor and swords Merchants made nothing at first but through trade got rich and moved up

Choson Kingdom in Korea During this period, Korea prospered Produced many cultural achievements, including creation of Korean alphabet Late 1500s, Japan invaded twice but resisted with help from Ming Dynasty Also called Yi Dynasty Government based on Confucianism Prosperity and War Fighting with Japan left Korea in ruins Qing Dynasty invaded and became a vassal state to China Choson kings increasingly isolated Korea, except for trade with China In West, Korea became known as “Hermit Kingdom” because of isolation Hermit Kingdom

The Impact of the Samurai Tradition on Japan Click above to play the video.