America After the Civil War: 1870-1900 Industrialization & Urbanization Ranching, Mining, & Farming Reconstruction & Rise of Jim Crow Segregation

America in the Gilded Age: 1870-1900 The South: By 1877, the South was recovering from the Civil War but was no longer forced to “reconstruct” Industry was regional by 1890: (a) NE had 85% of industry, (b) the sparsely-settled West provided raw materials for industry, & (c) the South was still recovering from war (made tobacco, iron & textiles; but ½ as many manufactured goods as NY state) “Jim Crow” reigned supreme as whites legally segregated the South into 2 distinct societies

America in the Gilded Age: 1870-1900 The North: Experienced a “2nd Industrial Revolution,” mass immigration, & urbanization

Railroads, steel, & oil companies formed America’s first monopolies American industry & urbanization grew

America in the Gilded Age: 1870-1900 The West: Manifest Destiny continued after 1865 as miners homesteaders, & ranchers headed West

Established new states & closed the frontier by 1890 The United States by 1890 Washington North Dakota Montana Idaho Established new states & closed the frontier by 1890 South Dakota Colorado Wyoming

..but this came at the expense of Native Americans Western raw materials fueled eastern factories Crushed Native Americans

Settlement of the West

The Mining Bonanza Mining was the 1st magnet to attract settlers to the West CA (1849) started the gold rush, but strikes in Pikes Peak, CO & Carson River Valley, NV (1859) set off wild migrations to the West: Comstock Lode = $306 million John Mackay’s Big Bonanza made him richest man in world John Mackay earned $25 a minute from his gold/silver lode in Sierra Mountains

Mining Regions of the West Created need for local gov’t, law enforcement, sanitation, businesses, prostitutes Corporations had the expensive machinery (“hydraulic mining techniques”) to extract most of the gold in the West Individual “placer miners” took little skill or money to start, but could not reach deep lodes Mining Regions of the West ; Discoveries of gold & silver led to overnight mining towns

Mining Bonanza ¼ to ½ of the mining population was foreign born: Latin American miners brought experience & new techniques Chinese brought a tireless ethic Led to hostility & riots: Foreign Miners’ Act in 1852 charged a monthly mining fee Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 suspended Chinese immigration

A cattle bought for $4 in Texas sold for $40 in Kansas In the 1860s, cattle ranching boomed The Cattle Bonanza Ranchers used the “open range” to graze longhorns By 1867, ranchers started using trains to ship cattle to Chicago

The Cattle Bonanza ½ of all cowboys were black & ¼ were Mexican By 1880, the “open range” was ending: Wheat growers, homesteaders, & barbed wire blocked the range Many switched to raising sheep But “range wars” erupted over grazing rights between cowboys & “sheep-boys”

2/3 of all homesteaders failed to farm their land The Farming Bonanza 2/3 of all homesteaders failed to farm their land The U.S. gov’t offered incentives for farmers to settle the West: Homestead Act (1862)—gave 160 acres of land if families pledged to live there for 5 years Other gov’t acts helped develop western lands by planting trees & building irrigation systems Due to land grants, RRs were the largest western landowners 500 million acres doled to businesses but only 80 million to homesteaders

The Farming Bonanza In 1870, homesteaders pushed West & adapted to the harsh farming conditions: Farmers used dry farming techniques & planted tougher varieties of wheat New machinery sped harvesting & planting; led to bonanza farms By 1890, the U.S. became a major crop exporter A pioneer sod house

Exodusters Exodusters were black farmers who moved West to escape Southern crop liens & Jim Crow Laws

Rails Across the Continent In 1862, Congress authorized the transcontinental railroad: Union Pacific worked westward from Nebraska (Irish laborers) Central Pacific worked eastward from CA (Chinese immigrants) May 10, 1869 the 2 tracks met at Promontory Point in Utah By 1900, 4 more lines were built to the Pacific 1869 is same year as Suez Canal completion—similar effects; both opened access & tie two worlds together 7

Federal Land Grants to Railroads by 1871 The national gov’t doled $65 million & millions of acres in land grants (received reduced rates for shipping)

The Transcontinental Railroad “Pullman cars” & “refrigeration cars” In 1870, RR companies developed the 1st time zones to better schedule the RR system; the US would not adopt time zones until 1918

Crushing the Native Americans

The Plains Indians In 1865, 2/3 of all Indians lived on the Great Plains Their culture was dependent upon the buffalo & the horse Tribes of several 1,000 people were subdivided into bands of 100s which made it difficult for the U.S. to negotiate treaties

Searching for an Indian Policy Before the Civil War, the West was “one big reservation” The Indian Intercourse Act (1834) forbade whites from entering “Indian country” without a license The Wagon trains to OR & CA, gold rush, transcontinental RR

Searching for an Indian Policy But…rapid Western expansion in the 1850s brought a new Indian “concentration policy” with distinct boundaries for each tribe “as long as the waters run and grass grows”

Searching for an Indian Policy “Kill and scalp all, big and little” Concentration did not last as whites ignored these boundaries: Sand Creek Massacre (1864)—Col John Chivington attacked 700 sleeping Indians in CO after a peace agreement was signed Sioux War (1865-1867)—gold miners wanted a Bozeman Trail (across Sioux hunting grounds) to connect mining towns; Sioux murdered 88 U.S. soldiers Congress investigated & condemned Chivington’s attack

Searching for an Indian Policy In 1867, the U.S. formed the Indian Peace Commission : Ended Bozeman Trail plans Made “small reservations” in the Dakota & Oklahoma territories Few Native Americans settled into these reservations peacefully: Red River War (1874) Little Big Horn (1876) Wounded Knee Massacre (1890) The discovery of gold in South Dakota led a Sioux army of 2,500 to ambush & kill Lt Col Custer & his 197 soldiers Black soldiers in the U.S. army called “buffalo soldiers” were used to fend off Indian attacks in the West “Custer’s Last Stand” set off demands for revenge among Americans The U.S. army was ordered to stop Sioux “ghost dances” & machine gunned 200 men, women, & children

The End of Tribal Life “Kill the Indian and save the man” —Richard Pratt, founder of Carlisle In 1871, the U.S. adopted its 4th Indian policy: Assimilation U.S. citizenship was offered to all Indians who farmed, lived away from their tribe & “adopted the habits of civilized life” Dawes Severalty Act in 1887 offered farms (160 acres to families & 80 to men) & the protection of U.S. laws

The End of Tribal Life The final blow to Indian culture came with annihilation of buffalo: Began with the construction of the transcontinental RR in 1860s From 1872 to 1874, 3 million buffalo were killed each year

1 hunter = 100 buffalo per day

The Final Fling In 1889, Congress responded to demands to open the Oklahoma Territory to white settlement On April 22, 1889, about 100,000 “Boomers” & “Sooners” flooded into the last “Indian land” White migrants claimed 2 million acres in Oklahoma homesteads Moved out Creeks & Seminoles “Sooners” couldn’t wait until noon Oklahoma “Boomers” waiting for noon

Conclusions: The End of the Frontier By 1890, the western frontier ended Miners, ranchers, & cowboys flooded West at the expense of Indians who were restricted to smaller & smaller reservations Westerners were commercially connected to Eastern markets but would grow increasingly frustrated by the economic & political concentration of power in the East With no more West to conquer, where would American expansion go next? A continuation of antebellum “Manifest Destiny”