Fig. 3.14 Chromatin Chromosome Proteins DNA Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chromatin Chromosome Proteins DNA

Fig. 20.18

Fig. 3.22 1 DNA contains the information necessary to Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 DNA contains the information necessary to produce proteins. Nucleolus DNA strand 1 2 Transcription of one DNA strand results in mRNA, which is a complementary copy of the information in the DNA strand needed to make a protein. mRNA strand 2 Nucleus Transcription Cytoplasm 3 The mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome. 3 Arginine 4 Amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, are carried to the ribosome by tRNAs. U tRNA C G 5 5 In the process of translation, the information contained in mRNA is used to determine the number, kinds, and arrangement of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. T r anslation Arginine Aspartic acid Amino acid pool 4 mRNA strand U C A G G A C U U C Polypeptide chain A G Ribosome

XX XY XX XY XX XX XY XY Meiosis Meiosis Meiosis Sperm cells X Y X X Fig. 20.19 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. XX XX XY XY Meiosis Meiosis Meiosis Sperm cells X Y XX XY X X Female Male Possible combinations Oocytes XX XY X X Female Male 50% female 50% male (XX) (XY)

Normal carrier Normal carrier Fig. 20.20 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Mother (normal carrier) Father (normal carrier) Aa Aa Aa Aa Meiosis Meiosis Meiosis Sperm cells A a AA Aa A A Normal carrier Normal Possible combinations Oocytes Aa aa a a Normal carrier Albino Genotype and phenotype probabilities: 1 4 AA (normal) : 1 2 Aa (normal carrier) : 1 4 aa (albino)

Mother (normal carrier) Father (normal) Fig. 20.21 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Mother (normal carrier) Father (normal) X HY h X HY h X HY X HY Meiosis Meiosis Meiosis Sperm cells X H Y X H X H X HX H X HY Oocytes Possible combinations X h X h X HX h X hY Genotype and phenotype probabilities: 1 4 X HX H (normal female) : 1 4 X HX h (carrier female) : 1 4 X HY (normal male) : 1 4 X hY (male with hemophilia)

(all): ©Prisma Bildagentur AG/Alamy Fig. 9A Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. (a) (b) (all): ©Prisma Bildagentur AG/Alamy

Fig. 20.22 a a b b c c A A B B C C (very light) (very dark) A a B b C Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. a a b b c c A A B B C C (very light) (very dark) A a B b C c (all offspring) (a) A a B b C c A a B b C c 30 20 Percentage of offspring 10 a a b b c c A A B B C C A a b b c c A A B B C c (two other combinations) (two other combinations) A a B b c c A A B b C c (five other combinations) (five other combinations) A a B b C c (b) (six other combinations)

Fig. 20A Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. a a a a a b a a a a b a b b b a c b b d b c c b d c b c b 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 a a b a a b a c a c a b b a a b a b c b b b a a d 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 X Y Chromosome pairs 1. a. Gaucher disease 7. a. Diabetes* 13. a. Breast cancer* 20. a. Severe combined immunodeficiency b. Prostate cancer b. Osteogenesis imperfecta b. Retinoblastoma c. Glaucoma c. Cystic fibrosis c. Wilson disease 21. a. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis* d. Alzheimer disease* d. Obesity* 14. a. Alzheimer disease* 22. a. DiGeorge syndrome 2. a. Familial colon cancer* 8. a. Werner syndrome 15. a. Marfan syndrome b. Neurofibromatosis, type 2 b. Waardenburg syndrome b. Burkitt lymphoma b. Tay-Sachs disease X a. Duchenne muscular dystrophy 3. a. Lung cancer 9. a. Malignant melanoma 16. a. Polycystic kidney disease b. Retinitis pigmentosa* b. Friedreich ataxia b. Crohn disease* b. Menkes syndrome 4. a. Huntington disease c. Tuberous sclerosis 17. a. Tumor suppressor protein c. X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency b. Parkinson disease 10. a. Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2 b. Breast cancer* 5. a. Cockayne syndrome c. Osteogenesis imperfecta d. Factor VIII deficiency (hemophilia A) b. Familial polyposis of the colon b. Gyrate atrophy 18. a. Amyloidosis 11. a. Sickle-cell anemia b. Pancreatic cancer* c. Asthma b. Multiple endocrine neoplasia 19. a. Familial hypercholesterolemia 6. a. Spinocerebellar ataxia 12. a. Zellweger syndrome b. Myotonic dystrophy b. Diabetes* b. Phenylketonuria (PKU) c. Epilepsy* *Gene responsible for only some cases.