1. (The Making of Protein)
Protein Synthesis
(The Making of Protein)
Proteins are required for cell growth, repair, and regulation. With out protein there is no life.

2. Blood cells are made in bone marrow.
Nucleus
Chromosomes
A section of chromosome
that codes for trait is
called a gene
Endoplasmic
Reticulum = ER

3. Chromosome Nucleus DNA Double Helix Hydrogen Bond Nitrogenous Base
Super coiled
DNA
DNA Double Helix
Hydrogen
Bond
Nitrogenous Base

4. Complementary Base Pairing DNA – DNA DNA – RNA A - T A – U T - C T - A
C - G C - G
G - C G - C
Nitrogen
Bases
A=adenine T=thymine
C=cytosine G=guanine
U=uracil
DNA unzipped
by enzyme helicase

5. Karyotype: a set of photographed Chromosomes placed in pairs.
Autosome
= body
Chromosome
#1=22
sex
chromosomes
determine
offspring’s
(child’s sex)
XY= male
XX = female
½ of each
pair from mom
½ from dad
sperm determines
sex of offspring
eggs are always x

6. 6 Steps of Protein Synthesis (The process of making a protein)
1. In the nucleus an enzyme, RNA polymerase, unzips a section of the DNA double helix.
2. In the nucleus the enzyme RNA polymerase transcribes the DNA into complementary bases
G - C
DNA = A - U mRNA
T - A
C - G
3. mRNA takes it’s list of complementary bases and leaves the nucleus, going into the cytoplasm.

7. Those 3 steps are
known as
transcription
(to scribe is to write)
DNA is copied as RNA

8. Endoplasmic Reticulum is where polypeptide chains fold to become
mRNA
Polypeptide chain
Ribosome
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Endoplasmic Reticulum is where
polypeptide chains fold to become
functional proteins.

9. Rough ER has
ribosomes
attached
delivering
polypeptide
chains
to be folded.
Smooth ER no
ribosomes
Nucleus

10. Blood Vessels
sickled
red blood
cells
normal
red blood
cells
normal
Amino Acid
sequence
abnormal
Amino Acid
sequence

11. Normal folded protein of red blood cells

12. Sickle Cell Hemoglobin
Normal Hemoglobin
Sickle Cell Hemoglobin
DNA
mRNA
Amino Acids
Shape of
Blood Cells

13. Amino acids forming a polypeptide chain.

14. Nucleus mRNA tRNA polypeptide chain anticodon Ribosome RNA codon
stop codon
tRNA
anticodon
polypeptide chain
tRNA
Ribosome
start codon
RNA codon

15. Modified proteins leave the ER in transport
vesicles – the golgi apparatus packages them
and releases them out of the cell.

16. Polypeptide chains, made of amino acids,
fold into specific shaped proteins which
do specific jobs.

17. U-A mRNA = C-G = tRNA A-U G-C
4. mRNA goes to a ribosome and is translated by tRNA . The tRNA brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome.
U-A
mRNA = C-G = tRNA
A-U
G-C
5. Complementary tRNA gives the amino acid it was carrying to the ribosome. The ribosome attaches it to the growing polypeptide chain.
6. Only after the polypeptide chain folds, does it become a fully functional protein.

18. Test the shape of your protein!