1. Chapter 5: Genetics

2. Lesson 1: Mendel & His Peas
A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes is called what?
A TRAIT
The passing of traits from parents to offspring is called what?
HEREDITY

3. The scientific study of heredity is called what?
FROM GREEK GENESIS, MEANS “ORIGIN”
GENETICS
The Father of Genetics, priest, student at the University of Vienna & teacher
is who?
GREGOR MENDEL

4. PUREBRED OR TRUE-BREED
An organism that always produces offspring with the same form of a trait as the parent is what?
PUREBRED OR TRUE-BREED

5. What do these people all have in common in relation to genetics?
A WIDOW’S PEAK

6. What do these people have in common in relation to genetics?
A CLEFT CHIN

7. Scientists call factors that control traits what?
GENES
Different forms of genes are called alleles, your body cells contain more than 60,000 genes!

9. An organism that has two different alleles for a trait; an organism that is heterozygous for a particular trait is called a what?
A HYBRID
Capital letter is the representative
of the dominate gene & the
lower case letter is
the representative of the
recessive gene. Bb

10. BB Bb bb Two Dominate genes, therefore the dominate gene is present.
One dominate gene & one recessive gene, therefore the dominate gene is present over the recessive one.
Two recessive genes, therefore the recessive gene is present.

11. An allele (gene) that is masked when a dominant allele is present is
An allele (gene) whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present is called what?
DOMINANT GENE
An allele (gene) that is masked when a dominant allele is present is
called what?
RECESSIVE GENE

12. Lesson 2: Understanding Inheritance
A rod-shaped cellular structure made of condensed chromatin; contains DNA, which carries the genetic information that controls inherited characteristic such as eye color & blood-type is called what? You have 46 of them… 23 from each parent!
CHROMOSOME

13. The different forms of a gene are called what?
ALLELES

14. An organism’s ____________ is its physical appearance, or its visible traits; like eye color, having dark eyes or blue eyes. An organism’s ____________ is its genetic makeup, or allele combination; like BB, Bb or bb.
PHENOTYPE
GENOTYPE

15. HETEROZYGOUS OR HYBRID
Having two identical alleles for a trait (BB or bb) means what? Having two different alleles for a trait (Bb) is called what?
HOMOZYGOUS
HETEROZYGOUS OR HYBRID

17. T t TT Tt tt
A chart that shows all possible combinations of alleles (genes) that can result from a genetic cross is called what?
A PUNNETT SQUARE MODEL

18. B b Bb Bb Bb Bb
Geneticists use Punnett Squares to show all the possible outcomes of a genetic cross and to determine the probability of a particular outcome.

19. T t Tt tt Tt tt Bb bb b b B b

20. Male Chromosomes = Female Chromosomes =XY XX
“The Male determines the sex of the offspring.” X Y XX XY XX XY
50% Probability for either sex

21. Is a chart or “family tree” that tracks which members of a family have a particular trait; it is a tool that geneticists use to trace the inheritance of traits in humans is called what?
PEDIGREE

22. When the offspring’s phenotype is a combination of the parents’ phenotype is called what?
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE

23. A condition in which either neither of two alleles of a gene is dominate or recessive is called what?
CO-DOMINANCE
WHEN BOTH ALLELES CAN BE OBSERVED IN A PHENOTYPE, THIS TYPE OF INTERACTION IS CALLED CO-DOMINANCE

24. Some human traits are controlled by a single gene that has more than two genes (alleles) this is said to be called what?
MULTIPLE ALLELES
“Some human traits show a large number of phenotypes because the traits are controlled by many genes. The genes act together as a group to produce a single trait.”

25. POLYGENIC INHERITANCE
This occurs when multiple genes determine the phenotype of a trait it is called what?
POLYGENIC INHERITANCE
EYE COLOR, WEIGHT & SKIN COLOR ARE EXAMPLES OF POLYGENIC INHERITANCE

26. Lesson 3: DNA & Genetics
Is a molecule made of a nitrogen base, a sugar and a phosphate group which is called what?
NUCLEOTIDE

27. The process of copying a DNA molecule to make another DNA molecule is called what?
REPLICATION

28. ______ plays an important role in the production of proteins & found in cytoplasm & the nucleus; there are three types. ______ is the genetic matter that carries information about an organism that is passed from parent to offspring. It also directs all the cells functions.
RNA
DNA

29. Nitrogen Bases:
Adenine (A) can only pair with Thymine (T) & Cytosine (C) can only pair with Guanine (G) & vice versa.

30. The process of making mRNA from DNA is called what?
TRANSCRIPTION
The process of making a protein from RNA is called what?
TRANSLATION

31. FROM LATIN MUTARE, MEANS “TO CHANGE”
Any unexpected change that occurs in a gene or chromosome is called what?
MUTATION
A characteristic that helps an organism survive in its environment or reproduce is called what?
FROM LATIN MUTARE, MEANS “TO CHANGE”
ADAPTION

32. The Most Common Mutations in Humans are…
1. BALDNESS (MORE COMMON IN MEN)
2. PIMPLES
3. HIGH FERTILITY
(MORE COMMON IN WOMEN)
4. COLOR BLINDNESS
(MORE COMMON IN MEN)
5. LACTOSE INTOLERANCE

33. Seven Common Genetic Disorders are…
CYSTIC FIBROSIS SICKLE-CELL DISEASE
HEMOPHILIA
DOWN SYNDROME
PHENYLKETONURIA (PKU)
WILLIAMS SYNDROME
BREAST & OVARIAN CANCER

34. CYSTIC FIBROSIS HEMOPHILIA
Is where the body produces abnormally thick mucus in the lungs & intestines; making it hard to breath.
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Is where a person’s blood clots very slowly or not at all; a person can bleed to death from relatively small wounds.
HEMOPHILIA

35. RYAN CLARK OF THE PITTSBURGH STEELERS HAS THIS DISEASE
Is where it affects the blood and the production of hemoglobin; suffer from lack of oxygen, pain & weakness.
SICKLE-CELL DISEASE
RYAN CLARK OF THE PITTSBURGH STEELERS HAS THIS DISEASE

36. Is where a person’s cells have an extra copy of chromosomes 21; there is a distinct physical appearance, some have a certain degree of mental disability; along with heart defects.
DOWN SYNDROME

37. PHENYLKETONURIA (PKU)
People with defective PAH genes cannot break down the amino acid phenylalanine. If phenylalanine builds up in the blood, it poisons nerve cells. If untreated can lead to mental disabilities & seizure.
PHENYLKETONURIA (PKU)

38. People with this syndrome are missing part of chromosome 7, including the elastin gene. The protein made from the elastin gene makes blood vessels strong & stretchy. The most common symptoms are mental disability, heart defects & unusual facial features.
WILLIAMS SYNDROME

39. BREAST CANCER OVARIAN CANCER
A defect in BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 does not mean the person will have it, but with this defect have an increased risk of developing _________________ and/or ___________________.
BREAST CANCER
OVARIAN CANCER

40. Researchers are also trying to predict some genetic disorders
Researchers are also trying to predict some genetic disorders. This process, called _______________, involves constructing Punnett Squares & Pedigree charts of parents genes.
GENE THERAPY
THIS IS DONE TO FIND OUT THE PROBABILITY IF THE OFFSPRING WILL HAVE A GENETIC DISORDER OR NOT.