1-3 Cycles and Earth Objectives: Explain the water cycle. Explain the carbon cycle. Explain the 3 main types of energy. What are the laws of thermodynamics?

Warm Up Demo

Introduction Cycle: a sequence of events that repeats Some repeat over relatively short periods Some happen over millions of years Water, carbon, and energy cycles work together

The Water Cycle Water cycle: the continuous circulation of water through the hydrosphere Most of Earth’s water is in liquid form in the oceans

The Water Cycle Cont’d Steps of the water cycle Sun shines on the ocean Evaporation turns water into water vapor Water vapor rises into the atmosphere Water vapor cools and turns into clouds Clouds get heavy with water and rains or snows depending on temperature

The Water Cycle Cont’d runoff: if rain flows over the ground and into a body of water 6a) Runoff flows into streams, rivers, and eventually back to the ocean 6b) Soak into the ground 1) Might be stored as groundwater in small spaces between particles of soil, sand, and rock a)moves slowly back to the ocean

The Water Cycle Cont’d 6c) Some water evaporates quickly or “breathed out” (transpired) by leaves 1) evapotranspiration: the cycling of water vapor into the atmosphere by evaporation and transpiration

The Water Cycle Cont’d One turn of the water cycle is complete when water returns to the oceans Energy from the sun drives the water cycle All water has been through the cycle millions of times over millions of years

Water Cycle Activity https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i3NeMVBcXXU Directions: Each person is a water molecule Each person will start at a station (Cloud, Glacier, Ocean, Stream, Groundwater, Animal, or Plant) Each person will have a scorecard At the station you will find a die and traveling directions Roll the die and read the statement at the station that matches the number on the die. Write the station name, what happens, and the next destination. I will say “cycle” when it’s time to move to the next station as directed on your scorecard We will cycle about 10 times

Water Cycle Activity Cont’d Fill in sequence and water cycle terms into the graphic organizer Write a brief story from a water molecule’s point of view that describes the journey you just took through the water cycle

Water Cycle Activity Cont’d Answer the following questions in your journal: Even though individual molecules took different paths, was anything similar about the journeys they took? In the game which stations seemed to be visited by the most water molecules, regardless of their particular journey? What can you infer from this? Can you think of other parts of the water cycle that were not included in the game? How is the water cycle important to plants and animals?

The Carbon Cycle Biogeochemical cycle: a chemical element or compound is changed as it moves through the Earth system Carbon cycle: biogeochemical cycle involving carbon (C)

The Carbon Cycle Cont’d Carbon is the building block of life Carbon is in all organic material and from once-living things

The Carbon Cycle Cont’d Carbon enters the atmosphere several ways Carbon dioxide Exhaling Decomposers Yeast Carbon based materials burn Volcanos Oceans

The Carbon Cycle Cont’d Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere through photosynthesis Oxygen is released Carbon is stored as carbohydrates Animals eat the plants

The Carbon Cycle Cont’d Phytoplankton uses the carbon dioxide in water for photosynthesis and releases oxygen

The Carbon Cycle Cont’d Most phytoplankton are eaten by marine animals A small % settle on the ocean floor and become part of the sediment The carbon in the dead phytoplankton is stored in a carbon sink

The Carbon Cycle Cont’d Ocean waves dissolves carbon dioxide in seawater Turns into bicarbonate and carbonate compounds Seashells

The Carbon Cycle Cont’d The ocean removes about 40% of carbon in the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels

The Carbon Cycle Cont’d Carbon is removed from the atmosphere Plants have carbon Animals eat plants Animals store the carbon from plants in their bodies Animals die Animals decompose Animal carbon is turned into carbon dioxide and methane Repeat

The Carbon Cycle Cont’d Formation of fossil fuels Plant or animal dies and seeps into a low-oxygen environment Carbon in its tissues changes into fossil fuels after a long period of time Coal and oil Fossil fuels burned and release carbon into the atmosphere repeat

The Carbon Cycle Cont’d Carbon is changed from one form to another The total amount of carbon remains about the same

The Carbon Cycle Cont’d

The Carbon Cycle Activity Directions: Each person is a carbon atom Each person will start at a station (Atmosphere, Plants, Animals, Soil, Ocean, Deep Ocean, and Fossil Fuels) Each person will have a scorecard At the station you will find a die and traveling directions Roll the die and read the statement at the station that matches the number on the die. Write the station name, what happens, and the next destination. I will say “cycle” when it’s time to move to the next station as directed on your scorecard We will cycle about 10 times

The Carbon Cycle Activity Cont’d Make a bar graph for how many times you were at a station Write a brief story from a carbon atom’s point of view that describes the journey you just took through the water cycle

The Carbon Cycle Activity Cont’d Using the bar graph, explain where the most/least amount of carbon was in the cycle? Why do you think carbon was found here the most/least often?

The Energy Cycle Energy cycle (Earth’s energy budget): the movement of energy into and out of the Earth system The amount of energy that enters the system should be the same as the amount of energy removed

The Energy Cycle Cont’d 3 main sources of energy Solar Geothermal Tidal

The Energy Cycle Cont’d Most of the energy at Earth’s surface is solar energy Solar energy: energy that comes from the sun Drives winds, ocean currents and waves Causes rocks to weather (forming soil)

The Energy Cycle Cont’d Geothermal energy: heat within the Earth Drives the movement of Earth’s lithosphere Powers volcanoes, geysers and earthquakes An important part in the rock cycle

The Energy Cycle Cont’d Tidal energy: the pull of the moon and the sun on Earth’s oceans Smallest part of the energy budget Powerful enough to slow down Earth’s rotation

The Energy Cycle Cont’d 40% of the solar energy is reflected back into space Different areas of Earth’s surface Different types of clouds

The Energy Cycle Cont’d 60% is used within the Earth system Evaporation and precipitation Wave and wind energy Heat energy Stored in water and ice, plants, sedimentary rocks Fossil fuels

The Energy Cycle Cont’d Energy changes as it moves through the Earth’s system Energy is turned into heat with every change Steel wool experiment

The Laws of Thermodynamics Laws of Thermodynamics: certain predictable rules that explain what energy will do (how energy flows) A branch of physics that deals with how heat energy is changed into other forms of energy

The Laws of Thermodynamics Cont’d Rules: Energy can never be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another A) Example: rub hands together

The Laws of Thermodynamics Cont’d When energy changes, it is converted from a more useful, more concentrated form to a less useful, less concentrated form A) Turned into less useful forms

The Effects of Earth’s Surface Different parts of Earth reflect solar energy at different rates Albedo: the percentage of energy that is reflected without being changed

The Effects of Earth’s Surface Cont’d The more reflective the surface the more albedo it has Reflects more energy back into space

The Effects of Earth’s Surface Cont’d Earth’s overall albedo is 30% The moon’s overall albedo is 11% Venus’s overall albedo is 75% An area’s albedo can change if the landscape changes

Human Activity and the Cycles The water, carbon, and energy cycles do not work in isolation The water, carbon, and energy cycles are affected by human activity Changing the landscape changes albedo = affects energy budget Burning fossil fuels puts more carbon into the environment Etc.

Exit Ticket Answer the following question. Use complete sentences. (5 points) You may NOT use your book. You MAY use your notes. This is a quiz grade. (35 points) Explain the water cycle. (5 points) Explain the carbon cycle. (5 points) Explain the 3 main types of energy. (15 points) What are the laws of thermodynamics? (5 points)