Chapter 8-9 Intro to Animals   Image from: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/index.html

Zoology Definition: the scientific study of the behavior, structure, physiology, classification, and distribution of animals

Biological Classification The science of classifying living things is called taxonomy. Charles Linneaus developed the system of classifying organisms by assigning them a genus and species name.

Biological Classification All living things are classified in the following taxa (groups): Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Biological Classification There are six kingdoms, but Zoology is based upon only Kingdom Animalia. Kingdom Animalia is divided into 9 major Phyla (Phylum—singular). Each Phylum is then divided into Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.

Animals Invertebrates (animals without a backbone) Porifera Cnidaria Worms Mollusks Echinoderms Arthropods

Animals Vertebrates- Animals with backbones Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals

Animal Groups Image from: http://ology.amnh.org/biodiversity/treeoflife/pages/graph.html

Characteristics of ALL Animals: EUKARYOTES Are ____________________ cells have nucleus & membrane bound organelles 2. Are ____________________ get food from consuming other organisms 3. Are ____________________ made of many cells 4. Show __________________ different kinds of cells do different jobs HETEROTROPHIC MULTICELLULAR SPECIALIZATION

Characteristics of ALL Animals: MOVE 5. _____________ (at some point in life cycle) for food, find mates, escape danger Contain _____________ which carries the genetic code 7. ____________________ Make offspring Most have sexual reproduction (few asexual) DNA REPRODUCE

Advantages of Being Multicellular The organism can be larger Cell differentiation—different cells perform different functions so bodies can be more efficient The organism can be more complex—better movement, higher functioning

10 Body Systems : INTEGUMENTARY 1. _____________________ OUTSIDE BODY COVERING (fur, skin, scales, feathers) INTEGUMENTARY Covers and protects, ID, prevents heat & water loss Orangutan image from: http://www.biologycorner.com/webquests.php Fish image from:http://www.woodburning.com/fish/ Frog image from: http://gladstone.uoregon.edu/~mmorley/rainbow/green%20frog.jpg Cardinal image from: http://www.nps.gov/fopu/pulaskione/GRAPHIC/IMAGES/birds/Northern%20Cardinal.jpg

10 Body Systems : DIGESTIVE 2. _________________ Breaks down food to obtain nutrients & gets rid of undigested waste Image from: http://infozone.imcpl.org/kids_diges.htm

NO OPENINGS: Food enters through skin

Only one opening: FOOD IN and WASTE OUT through same opening Images from: http://www.geocities.com/animalbio/biology/DIGESTIO.gif Only one opening: FOOD IN and WASTE OUT through same opening

FOOD IN at one end (mouth) WASTE OUT at other end (ANUS) Image from: http://www.geocities.com/animalbio/biology/DIGESTIO.gif Two openings: FOOD IN at one end (mouth) WASTE OUT at other end (ANUS)

Two openings: Most efficient Image from: http://www.geocities.com/animalbio/biology/DIGESTIO.gif Two openings: Most efficient If food flows only one direction it allows for organ specialization (Different parts can start to do different jobs)

10 Body Systems : CIRCULATORY 3. __________________ Transports nutrients/oxygen to body cells Carries carbon dioxide/nitrogen waste away from cells Circulatory fluid can be: inside blood vessels = _________ loose inside body spaces = _______ CIRCULATORY CLOSED OPEN Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_19/147a.gif

10 Body Systems : RESPIRATORY Exchange gases with the environment 4. ___________________ RESPIRATORY Exchange gases with the environment take in oxygen get rid of waste gases (CO2 &/or ammonia) Image from: http://www.umm.edu/respiratory/images/respiratory_anatomy.gif

10 Body Systems : Get rid of nitrogen waste made by cells 5. ___________________ Get rid of nitrogen waste made by cells Help with HOMEOSTASIS by maintaining water/ion balance (_________________________) EXCRETORY OSMOREGULATION

NITROGEN WASTE : AMMONIA UREA URIC ACID _________________ Most TOXIC Must be removed QUICKLY Needs MOST water to dilute _________________ Made from ammonia by liver Less toxic than ammonia Can be stored if diluted with water (Needs less water to dilute than ammonia) _________________ LEAST TOXIC Can be stored if diluted with water (Needs LEAST amount of water to dilute) UREA URIC ACID

http://www.anselm.edu/homepage/jpitocch/genbio/nitrowaste.JPG NITROGEN WASTE

ALL WASTE is NOT THE SAME! DIGESTIVE WASTE NITROGEN WASTE WHERE ITS MADE? Body system used? In what form? made by cells from break down of proteins left over from undigested food Handled by digestive system Handled by excretory system Feces (poop) ammonia, urea, or uric acid

10 Body Systems : SKELETAL 6. ___________________ Framework to support body/protection Skeleton on inside = _______________ Skeleton on outside = _______________ ENDOSKELETON EXOSKELETON Walking skeleton image from: http://virtualastronaut.jsc.nasa.gov/textonly/act15/text-skeletonpuz.html Insect lefg image from:http://www.zoobooks.com/newFrontPage/animals/virtualZoo/animals/i/insects/images/exoskeleton.gif

10 Body Systems : MUSCULAR 7. _______________ Image from: http://kidshealth.org/kid/body/muscles_noSW.html MUSCULAR 7. _______________ Locomotion- move body itself OR move substances through body (EX: food through digestive system; blood through vessels) http://www.angliacampus.com/public/sec/science/nutriton/images/peristal.gif

10 Body Systems : 8. _____________________ - Produce offspring by combining genetic material from 2 parents = __________________________ REPRODUCTIVE SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Produce offspring using genetic material from only 1 parent =_____________________________ ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Family image from: http://babyhearing.org/Parenet2Parent/index.asp Planaria animation: http://www.t3.rim.or.jp/~hylas/planaria/title.htm

10 Body Systems : INDIRECT ______________ DEVELOPMENT immature LARVA looks different than adult __________ DEVELOPMENT young are smaller versions of adults Metamorphosis image from: http://www.lincoln.midcoast.com/~del/butterfly Frog image from: http://www.animationlibrary.co DIRECT Image from: http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/models/life/images/grow.JPG

External fertilization Sperm and egg join outside female’s body = ___________________ inside female’s body = ____________________ External fertilization Internal fertilization Animation from: http://discover.edventures.com/images/termlib/f/fertilization/support.gif

NERVOUS 9. ___________________ Receive sensory info about environment & send response signals NERVOUS http://www.roadhunter.com/~ceph/gallery/anatomy07.jpg

Make hormones that regulate other body systems ENDOCRINE 10. __________________ Make hormones that regulate other body systems (only in higher animals) Image from: http://www.cushings-help.com/images/endocrine.jpg

Types of Symmetry No symmetry Radial symmetry Bilateral symmetry

___________________ No symmetry ASYMMETRY ___________________ No symmetry Doesn’t matter how you cut it; you never get 2 identical halves. Example: Sponge Image from: http://mbgnet.mobot.org/salt/animals/sponges.htm

_______ Symmetry Radial Get 2 identical halves in several directions. Jelly fish image: http://www.redfishbluefish.com/BellaLuz/Jellyfish.jpg http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/animal%20dissections.htm Image from: http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/ Get 2 identical halves in several directions.

Bilateral ___________ Symmetry If divide animal down the middle you get 2 mirror images BUT only divides equally in ONE direction Image from: http://www.okc.cc.ok.us/biologylabs/Documents/Animals/Symmetry.htm

________________ CEPHALIZATION Concentration of nervous tissue and sensory organs in anterior end of an organism (head area)

Which way is up? DORSAL (top) ANTERIOR head end POSTERIOR tail end VENTRAL (underneath) Image from: http://www.ca4h.org/4hresource/clipart/animals/pics/dog.gif

Planes of Symmetry

EMBRYOLOGY Where does BLASTOPORE end up? Image from: http://calspace.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/litu/03_3.shtml Where does BLASTOPORE end up? What do embryos look like as they divide? When do cells decide what they will be?

EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT Becomes digestive system  Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/16anim3.htm

Where does BLASTOPORE end up?  Images modified from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/16anim3.htm

What do embryos look like as they divide? SPIRAL RADIAL CLEAVAGE CLEAVAGE Images from: http://www.zo.utexas.edu/faculty/sjasper/images/so28_04.gif

When do cells decide what they will become?   Image from: http://www.rbej.com/content/figures/1477-7827-1-100-1.jpg

DETERMINATE INDETERMINATE Cells decide early Cells decide later Removing cell causes death Removing cell OK DETERMINATE INDETERMINATE Images modified from: http://www.rbej.com/content/figures/1477-7827-1-100-1.jpg

THAT’S WHERE TWINS COME FROM!

ANIMALS DEUTEROSTOMES PROTOSTOMES Blastopore becomes ANUS Blastopore becomes MOUTH Decide later (INDETERMINATE) Decide very early (DETERMINATE) RADIAL cleavage SPIRAL cleavage ALL VERTEBRATES (Fish, amphibians, birds, reptiles, mammals) plus ECHINODERMS ALL INVERTEBRATES except ECHINODERMS

EMBRYOLOGY Echinoderms are the “exception to the rule”! __________________ are the “exception to the rule”! They are INVERTEBRATES but their embryos act like _________________________ Echinoderms DEUTEROSTOMES Image from: http://www.bsac21.freeserve.co.uk/images/Critters/Starfish%20Bloody%20Henry.JPG

EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT Becomes digestive system  Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/16anim3.htm

All animals except sponges, jellyfish, anemones have 3 germ layers in their embryos Endoderm Mesoderm Ectoderm Digestive system, respiratory Muscle, excretory, bones, circulatory Outer skin, brain, nervous system

Types of Coeloms (See-Lums) No cavity (space) around organs Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16labman05/lb5pg10.htm ACOELOM = “without space”

FLATWORMS are ACOELOMATES!

Types of Coeloms (See-Lums) Space around organs but only lined with mesoderm on one side (mesoderm lines body wall BUT NOT around gut) Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16labman05/lb5pg10.htm PSEUDOCOELOM

ROUND WORMS are PSEUDOCOELOMATES!

Kinds of Coeloms (See-Lums) EUCOELOM: Body cavity (space) lined on BOTH sides by mesoderm Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16labman05/lb5pg10.htm EUCOELOM = TRUE COELOM = COELOM

EUCOELOMATES ALL VERTEBRATES & SOME INVERTEBRATES ALL ANIMALS you will dissect this year are EUCOELOMATES!

3 Types of Coeloms ACOELOM EUCOELOM PSEUDOCOELOM ectoderm mesoderm endoderm Image from: http://www.lander.edu/rsfox/310images/310bil5.jpg

Advantages of having a COELOM (body space): Provides space for internal organs In animals without a skeleton- Fluid in coelom space can act as a HYDROSTATIC skeleton In animals without blood vessels- Fluid in coelom space can circulate nutrients and oxygen to cells

WHY is a EUCOELOM the best? Digestive organ muscles and body wall muscles come from MESODERM in different places so organism can digest food and move at same time. Images from: http://www.lander.edu/rsfox/310images/310bil5.jpg http://www.okc.cc.ok.us/biologylabs/Images/Animal_Images/coelomate.gif

SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things 9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells.

SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things 9-12.L.1.2. Students are able to classify organisms using characteristics and evolutionary relationship of major taxa. (APPLICATION) Kingdoms Examples: animals, plants, fungi, protista, monera Phyla Examples: invertebrates, vertebrates, divisions of plants

SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things 9-12.L.1.3. Students are able to identify structures and function relationships within major

Core High School Life Science Performance Descriptors High school students performing at the ADVANCED level: predict the function of a given structure; predict how homeostasis is maintained within living systems; PROFICIENT level: describe the relationship between structure and function explain how homeostasis is maintained within living systems; BASIC level recognize that different structures perform different functions; define homeostasis

SOUTH DAKOTA ADVANCED SCIENCE STANDARDS 9-12.L.1.5A. Students are able to classify organisms using characteristics and evolutionary relationships of domains. (SYNTHESIS) Examples: eubacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes

SOURCES Anemone from: http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/children/animals/cnidaria.gif Snail from: http://www.lucinda.net/surber/graphics/orlovsky.gif Crab from: http://www.gifs.net  Clam from: http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/animal%20dissections.htm Ant from: http://www.wildaboutbritain.co.uk

Millipede from: http://atschool.eduweb.co.uk/sirrobhitch.suffolk/key/images/invertebrates/millipede.jpg Starfish from: http://www.gifs.net Jellyfish from: http://www.aloha.com/~lifeguards/jellie75.jpg

Tree frog: http://www. dynamicearth. co. uk/education/images/tree_frog Turtle: http://www.50birds.com/images/endttboxturtle.jpg Bird: http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/homepage.htm Fish from: http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/trimethylamine/fish.gif Orangutan: http://www.biologycorner.com/webquests.php

Earthworm : http://www.york.ac.uk/org/ciec/CaringfortheEnvironment.29. 4.03/Exxon/Food%20Chain%20images/ExxonPicsLarge/Earthworms.jpg Starfish from: http://www.gifs.net Snail from: http://www.lucinda.net/surber/graphics/orlovsky.gif Crab from: http://www.animation-station.com/fish/index.php?page=2

  All images on this page from: http://www.seaworld.org/AnimalBytes/animal_bytes.html