32 amino acids is a critical length

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Proteins: Structure reflects function….. Fig. 5-UN1 Amino group Carboxyl group carbon.

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32 amino acids is a critical length rDNA origin synthetic recombinant The mean bioavailability of Calcitonin-Salmon Nasal Spray is approximately 3% of that of injectable calcitonin in normal subjects.

Human calcitonin : Not N-glycosylated modified C-terminus ! 1 disulfide bridge Not N-glycosylated 32 prolineamide modified C-terminus !

Why is salmon calcitonin more potent than human calcitonin ? The conformation hypothesis seems the most likely .

Calcitonin : salmon human Identity : 16 aa / 32 aa Ser Asn Thr Val Lys Leu Ser Glu Leu His Leu Gln Tyr Arg Ser Identity : 16 aa / 32 aa Thr

Comparison human / salmon calcitonin (amino acids sequence) salmon: Cys-Ser-Asn-Leu-Ser-Thr-Cys-Val-Leu-Gly-Lys-Leu-Ser-Gln-Glu- Leu-His-Lys-Leu-Gln-Thr-Tyr-Pro-Arg-Thr-Asn-Thr-Gly-Ser-Gly- Thr-Pro human: Cys-Gly-Asn-Leu-Ser-Thr-Cys-Met-Leu-Gly-Thr-Tyr-Thr-Gln-Asp -Phe-Asn-Lys-Phe-His-Thr-Phe-Pro-Gln-Thr-Ala-Ile-Gly-Val-Gly- Ala-Pro

Osteoporosis 50% bone mass loss after menopausis Young 2013 EPFL student 50% bone mass loss after menopausis

nomal osteopenia osteoporosis

Osteoporosis decreased bone density 1 5 Lumbar vertebrae : the last 5 Hoefnagel

osteoporosis L2 : 2nd lumbar vertebra

Vertebrae of 40- vs. 92-year-old women Note the marked loss of trabeculae with preservation of cortex.

2 problems linked to osteoporosis : - vertebral compression fracture - hip fracture

Densitometry measuring bone density

Bilateral ovaryectomy (OVX) in goats  osteoporosis Large animal models can be investigated using the same instruments as for humans. BMD : Bone Mass Density OVX induces bone mass loss confirming the link between menoposis and osteoporosis

CALCITONIN prevention no effect 2 major risks of osteoporosis : vertebral fracture hip fracture

Administration routes for recombinant proteins. injecteur projecteur (sans aiguille) nasal spray

Oxytocyn : CYIQNCPLG 9 amino acids modified C-terminus ! Nasalspray 1 Sprühstoss (0.1 ml Nasalspray Lösung zu 4 I.E. Oxytocin) in eine der beiden Nasenöffnungen 5 min vor dem Stillen oder Abpumpen der Milch. modified C-terminus !

Syntocinon nasal spray : medical use : lactation help published in 2009

These 4 administration routes are nonsense Human growth hormone : 191 aa.

Progress in DNA synthesis :

Chemical DNA synthesis: Synthétiseur automatique d’ADN: