1. Normal DNA Strand DNA : TAC AAA GGA CGA GTA GTT TAA GCA AGA ATT
mRNA: AUG UUU CCU GCU CAU CAA AUU CGU UCU UAA
Protein: Met-Phe-Pro-Ala-His-Glu-Ile-Arg-Ser-Stop

2. Mutation
Mutation – Any change in the DNA base sequence which leads to a change in a protein. Sometimes mutation are beneficial, but they usually lead to non-functioning or incorrectly functioning proteins.

3. Point Mutation – One base in sequence is changed
Original DNA: TAC AAA GGA CGA GTA GTT TAA GCA AGA ATT
Original Protein: Met-Phe-Pro-Ala-His-Glu-Ile-Arg-Ser-Stop
4th triplet in DNA, first base C changed to G
Mutated DNA: TAC AAA GGA GGA GTA GTT TAA GCA AGA ATT
Incorrect mRNA: AUG UUU CCU CCU CAU CAA AUU CGU UCU UAA
Mutated Protein: Met-Phe-Pro-Pro-His-Glu-Ile-Arg-Ser-Stop
The 4th amino acid is proline instead of alanine

4. Point Mutation

5. Frameshift Mutation – One base added or deleted from the DNA sequence
Original DNA: TAC AAA GGA CGA GTA GTT TAA GCA AGA ATT
Original Protein: Met-Phe-Pro-Ala-His-Glu-Ile-Arg-Ser-Stop
2nd triplet in DNA, first base A deleted
Mutated DNA: TAC AAG GAC GAG TAG TTT AAG CAA GAA TT
Incorrect mRNA: AUG UUC CUG CUC AUC AAA UUC GUU CUU AA
Mutated Protein: Met-Phe-Leu-Leu-Ile-Lys-Phe-Val-Leu
After the second amino acid, the protein is completely different

6. Frameshift Mutation

7. The bottom line about DNA…
No DNA = No Protein = No Cells = No Life
Reproduction is all about passing DNA from one cell to another and from one generation of organisms to the next