The element carbon is a component of almost all biological molecules. Section 4 Chemistry in Biology The Building Blocks of Life Organic Chemistry The element carbon is a component of almost all biological molecules.

The Building Blocks of Life Section 4 Chemistry in Biology The Building Blocks of Life Carbon has four electrons in its outermost energy level. One carbon atom can form four covalent bonds with other atoms. Carbon compounds can be in the shape of straight chains, branched chains, and rings.

Carbon atoms can be joined to form carbon molecules. Section 4 Chemistry in Biology The Building Blocks of Life Macromolecules Carbon atoms can be joined to form carbon molecules. Macromolecules are large molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules together. Polymers are molecules made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical compounds linked together by a series of covalent bonds.

Section 4 Chemistry in Biology The Building Blocks of Life Carbohydrates Compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom—(CH2O)n

Two monosaccharides joined together form a disaccharide. Section 4 Chemistry in Biology The Building Blocks of Life Values of n ranging from three to seven are called simple sugars, or monosaccharides. Two monosaccharides joined together form a disaccharide. Longer carbohydrate molecules are called polysaccharides.

Molecules made mostly of carbon and hydrogen Section 4 Chemistry in Biology The Building Blocks of Life Lipids Molecules made mostly of carbon and hydrogen A triglyceride is a fat if it is solid at room temperature and an oil if it is liquid at room temperature.

Section 4 Chemistry in Biology The Building Blocks of Life Lipids that have tail chains with only single bonds between the carbon atoms are called saturated fats. Lipids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms in the tail chain are called unsaturated fats. Fats with more than one double bond in the tail are called polyunsaturated fats.

A compound made of small carbon compounds called amino acids Section 4 Chemistry in Biology The Building Blocks of Life Proteins A compound made of small carbon compounds called amino acids Amino acids are small compounds that are made of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and sometimes sulfur.

Amino acids have a central carbon atom. Section 4 Chemistry in Biology The Building Blocks of Life Amino acids have a central carbon atom. One of the four carbon bonds is with hydrogen. The other three bonds are with an amino group (–NH2), a carboxyl group (–COOH), and a variable group (–R).

The Building Blocks of Life Section 4 Chemistry in Biology The Building Blocks of Life Nucleic acids are complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information. Nucleic acids are made of smaller repeating subunits called nucleotides, composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and hydrogen atoms.

Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Chapter Diagnostic Questions Chemistry in Biology Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Diagnostic Questions Formative Test Questions Chapter Assessment Questions Standardized Test Practice connected.mcgraw-hill.com Glencoe Biology Transparencies Image Bank Vocabulary Animation Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature.

Which of the following particles is negatively charged? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Chapter Diagnostic Questions Which of the following particles is negatively charged? electron isotope neutron proton A B C D CDQ 1

Isotopes are created by a change in the Chapter Chemistry in Biology Chapter Diagnostic Questions Isotopes are created by a change in the number of what particle of an atom? electrons neutrons protons ions A B C D CDQ 2

Identify the proteins that speed up the rate of chemical reactions. Chapter Chemistry in Biology Chapter Diagnostic Questions Identify the proteins that speed up the rate of chemical reactions. substrates enzymes ions reactants A B C D CDQ 3

What particles are in an atom’s nucleus? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Section 1 Formative Questions What particles are in an atom’s nucleus? neutrons and electrons protons and electrons protons and neutrons A B C FQ 1

What causes the overall charge of an atom to be zero? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Section 1 Formative Questions What causes the overall charge of an atom to be zero? an equal number of protons and neutrons an equal number of protons and electrons an equal number of neutrons and electrons A B C FQ 2

What type of substance is water? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Section 1 Formative Questions What type of substance is water? a compound an element an isotope a mixture A B C D FQ 3

What provides the energy for all living processes? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Section 1 Formative Questions What provides the energy for all living processes? chemical bonds ionic compounds radioactive isotopes van der Waals forces A B C D FQ 4

Which is a chemical reaction? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Section 2 Formative Questions Which is a chemical reaction? a match burning salt dissolving water boiling gasoline evaporating A B C D FQ 5

A B Which chemical reaction is endothermic? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Section 2 Formative Questions Which chemical reaction is endothermic? A B FQ 6

How does an enzyme increase the rate of a chemical reaction? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Section 2 Formative Questions How does an enzyme increase the rate of a chemical reaction? It acts as a reactant. It reduces the amount of heat produced. It increases the amount of product. It lowers the activation energy. A B C D FQ 7

What occurs at the active site in the enzyme substrate complex? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Section 2 Formative Questions What occurs at the active site in the enzyme substrate complex? An exothermic chemical reaction takes place. Chemical bonds are broken and new bonds are formed. The enzyme gets used up in the reaction. The substrates provide energy for the enzyme. A B C D FQ 8

Why is water able to dissolve a wide variety of solutes? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Section 3 Formative Questions Why is water able to dissolve a wide variety of solutes? It acts as a catalyst. Its pH is neutral. It is a polar molecule. It is an ionic compound. A B C D FQ 9

What type of bonds attracts water molecules Chapter Chemistry in Biology Section 3 Formative Questions What type of bonds attracts water molecules to each other and to other substances? covalent bonds double bonds hydrogen bonds ionic bonds A B C D FQ 10

Which ion, when released in water, causes a solution to be basic? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Section 3 Formative Questions Which ion, when released in water, causes a solution to be basic? Cl– OH– H+ Na+ A B C D FQ 11

What is the name for a substance that keeps Chapter Chemistry in Biology Section 3 Formative Questions What is the name for a substance that keeps the pH in cells within the 6.5 to 7.5 pH range? alkali antacid buffer neutralizer A B C D FQ 12

Which element do almost all biological molecules contain? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Section 4 Formative Questions Which element do almost all biological molecules contain? carbon nitrogen phosphorus sodium A B C D FQ 13

How many covalent bonds can carbon form with other atoms? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Section 4 Formative Questions How many covalent bonds can carbon form with other atoms? 1 2 4 8 A B C D FQ 14

What type of biological molecule is an enzyme? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Section 4 Formative Questions What type of biological molecule is an enzyme? hormone nucleic acid protein steroid A B C D FQ 15

What are fats, oils, and waxes composed of? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Section 4 Formative Questions What are fats, oils, and waxes composed of? lipids nucleotides polypeptides sugars A B C D FQ 16

What are the monomers that make up proteins? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Section 4 Formative Questions What are the monomers that make up proteins? amino acids fatty acids glycerols nucleotides A B C D FQ 17

Which biological molecule transports substances between cells? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Section 4 Formative Questions Which biological molecule transports substances between cells? carbohydrate lipid nucleic acid protein A B C D FQ 18

Chapter Chemistry in Biology Chapter Assessment Questions ? Look at the following figure. Determine what the upward curve represents. activation energy reactants products enzymes A B C D CAQ 1

Chapter Chemistry in Biology Chapter Assessment Questions Look at the energy levels in the atom. What is the maximum number of electrons energy level two can hold? 2 4 6 8 A B C D CAQ 2

Explain why chemical equations must be balanced. Chapter Chemistry in Biology Chapter Assessment Questions Explain why chemical equations must be balanced. Answer: Chemical reactions require balance of mass. Therefore, the number of atoms of each element on the reactant side must equal the number of atoms of the same element on the product side. CAQ 3

Which is a result of van der Waals forces? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Standardized Test Practice Which is a result of van der Waals forces? atoms sharing electrons table salt dissolving in water ionic compounds forming crystals water molecules forming droplets A B C D STP 1

What is true of this chemical reaction? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Standardized Test Practice What is true of this chemical reaction? Energy is not needed to start the chemical reaction. Heat and/or light energy are released in this reaction. The activation energy is greater than the energy released. The energy of the products and the reactants is the same. A B C D STP 2

Which fruit contains a higher concentration of hydrogen ions? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Standardized Test Practice Which fruit contains a higher concentration of hydrogen ions? tomatoes bananas A B C D STP 3

What do cellulose and chitin have in common? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Standardized Test Practice What do cellulose and chitin have in common? They are energy-storing polymers. They are found in the cells of animals. They are structural polysaccharides. They are composed of repeating sucrose units. A B C D STP 4

Which polysaccharide stores energy in muscle and liver tissue? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Standardized Test Practice Which polysaccharide stores energy in muscle and liver tissue? gluten glycogen starch sucrolose A B C D STP 5

What is the function of this biological macromolecule? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Standardized Test Practice What is the function of this biological macromolecule? communicate signals between cells produce vitamins and hormones provide support and protection store and transmit genetic information A B C D STP 6

Which is a characteristic of all lipids? Chapter Chemistry in Biology Standardized Test Practice Which is a characteristic of all lipids? They are saturated triglycerides. They do not dissolve in water. They are liquid at room temperature. They store less energy than carbohydrates. A B C D STP 7

Glencoe Biology Transparencies Chapter Chemistry in Biology Glencoe Biology Transparencies

Chapter Chemistry in Biology Image Bank

Chapter Chemistry in Biology Image Bank

Section 1 Vocabulary atom nucleus proton neutron electron element Chemistry in Biology Vocabulary Section 1 atom nucleus proton neutron electron element isotope compound covalent bond molecule ion ionic bond van der Waals force

Section 2 Vocabulary chemical reaction reactant product Chemistry in Biology Vocabulary Section 2 chemical reaction reactant product activation energy catalyst enzyme substrate active site

Section 3 Vocabulary polar molecule hydrogen bond mixture solution Chemistry in Biology Vocabulary Section 3 polar molecule hydrogen bond mixture solution solvent solute acid base pH buffer

Section 4 Vocabulary macromolecule polymer carbohydrate lipid protein Chemistry in Biology Vocabulary Section 4 macromolecule polymer carbohydrate lipid protein amino acid nucleic acid nucleotide

Visualizing Properties of Water Polypeptides Chapter Chemistry in Biology Animation Ionic Bonds Enzymes Visualizing Properties of Water Polypeptides

Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology

Chapter Chemistry in Biology

Chapter Chemistry in Biology

Chapter Chemistry in Biology