Shared by Pratap Kumar Pathak Development Policy Shared by Pratap Kumar Pathak

Welcome

Foundation of Development Policy

What is Development? Change for betterment Qualitative and quantitative changes in the social and economic life of the citizens Attack on the chief evils of humanity and prosperity Expansion of opportunities for advancement Meaningful transformations

Dimensions of Development Political Social Development infrastructures Moral and ethical Humanitarian Economic

Philosophical Basis of Development (a) Cooperation for survival, also known as “North-South Dialogue” (Willy Brandt, 1980). (b) Environment and Sustainable Development (Brundtland, 1987). (c) Structural Adjustment Programs with built-in features of market and globalization (IMF and the World Bank). (d) Participatory Development or alternatively called as “People- Centered Development” (J. Nyerere).

Principles to Development Economic Principles Economic growth, economic stability and balanced development Productive capacity of economy and self-sufficiency Investment promotion Employment generation Multi-sectoral/homogenous growth Import substitution and export promotion Economic liberalization and private sector development Non-Economic Principles Social change and transformation Development of social capital Human rights and right-based development Social inclusion, justice and equity Human development Nation building and national integration Moral, cultural and ethical development

Approaches to Development Charity or Welfare Approach Focus on inputs not outcome Emphasizes increasing charity Recognizes moral responsibility Individuals as victims deserving assistance Focus on manifestation of problems Need-based Approach Focus on inputs and outcome Emphasizes meeting needs Recognizes needs as valid victims Individuals deserving assistance as objects of developmental interventions Focuses on immediate causes of problems Right-based Approach Focus on process and outcome: substantive equality Emphasis on realizing rights Recognizes individual and group rights as claims toward legal and moral duty-bearers Individuals and groups are empowered to claim their rights Individuals are entitled to state services as their rights Focuses on structural causes and their manifestation Achieving quality of human life as state obligation Development as the instrument for changing structure and relations of power

Anatomy of Society and Development Fused Society Agrarian Underdeveloped Non-professional Prismatic Society Transitional Developing Mixed Diffracted Society Industrial Developed Specialized and professional

Cross-cutting Themes of Development Elimination of poverty Globalization and economic liberalization Good governance Right-based development Social inclusion and social justice Sustainable development

Development Policy Development policy is purposive and planned course of action by which government translates its developmental vision into programmes and actions to deliver ‘outcomes’ towards achieving desired changes and leading transformation in the society.

Objectives of Development Policy Economic objectives: Growth, Prosperity, Redistribution, Stability Environmental objectives: Restoration, Development, Utilization, Protection Social objectives: Quality of life, Inclusion, Social Justice Managerial objectives: Good governance Behavioural objectives: Ethics, culture, motivation, morale

Foundation of Development Policy in Nepal Constitutional Guiding Policy Long-term Development Vision International Development Frameworks International Conventions Periodic Plan Macro-economic Policy

Overarching Concept of Development Policy Self-reliant, prosperity-driven and socialist economy for a prosperous Nepal Economic and social transformation Infrastructure development and development of productive sector Distributive justice, equality and inclusion Governance capacity to deliver development Industrialization, technology development Environmental conservation for sustainable development Social protection

Process of Development Policy

Development Policy Process Initiation Formulation Analysis Approval and Adoption Implementation Monitoring Evaluation Policy Reform Development Policy Process

Realistic Process of Development Policy Meaningful engagement Responsiveness: Ownership of issues, support, demand, opposition Predictability of Policy Implementability Sustainability and continuity Space for Reform

Formulation of Development Policy

Policy Formulation Designing frameworks and framing relationships for translating policy commitment into policy actions Clarifying strategic, structural, systemic and behavioural aspects of policy Explanation of conceptual/theoretical, analytical and implementation designs Designing quality assurance for achieving outcomes and results

Development Policy Formulation Strategic Intent Vision Mission Goals and Objectives Goals Objectives Targets Strategies and Plan of Action Strategies Implementation Plan Reform Plan

Steps in Development Policy Formulation Step 1.Identification of Policy Issue: Agenda setting Constitutional policy Long-term development vision Public opinion Elite opinion Expert opinion Institutional experience Global development agenda Consensual issues

2. Situation Analysis Internal environment External environment 3. Review of past policies 4. Conceptualization or concept formation 5. Analysis of policy concept Stakeholder’s analysis Technical analysis Economic and financial analysis Managerial analysis Political analysis Social analysis

7. Detail Analysis of Policy 8. Legitimating the policy 6. Designing and structuring the policy Structuring the policy Consultation and discussion Moderation and improvements Finalization of design and structure 7. Detail Analysis of Policy 8. Legitimating the policy 9. Adoption and internalization of approved policy 10. Wider dissemination of policy 11. Policy implementation plan

Analysis of Development Policy

Policy Analysis An independent, deliberate and scientific process of multidisciplinary inquiry designed to create, critically assess and communicate information that is useful in understanding and improving policies.

Utility Feasibility Effectiveness Adaptability Sustainability Policy Analysis Suitability and Appropriateness Harmony and Compatibility Feasibility Implementability Utility Effectiveness Adaptability Sustainability

Logical Process of Policy Analysis Policy Intelligence: Identification and understanding Explanation: Interpretation of policy issues Exploration: Determination of alternative policy choices Examination: Assessment of causes and consequences of policy options Determination: Rational choice Projection: policy outcomes and effects Advise and Recommendation: Adoption and measures to effective implementation

Evidence-Based Analysis Broad understanding of problem or issue Evidence for policy direction and policy challenge Use of scientific tools and techniques Suggestions for possible solutions Insights into the likely impacts in the future Empirical evidence for judging policy: use of research Evidence-based reforms initiatives

Implementation of Development Policy “Writing policy is the easiest thing to do; the hardest thing is to get the governance and structure right to produce desired effect from day one.”

Policy Implementation “Exercise of legitimate, ethical and competent authority for putting policy into effect to produce results and achieve social satisfaction”.

Policy Implementation Mechanisms to drive disambiguation Authoritative attempt to achieve results as intended or planned by policy Achievement of punctuality, performance and quality Innovation and improvement for achieving desired effects

Translating Policy into Outcomes Logic and Rationality Emotion, Morale, Motivation Strategic Action Successful Outcomes

Policy Realization Intent Action Result Satisfaction Capacity Emotion

Implementability of Development Policy Realistic goals and targets Implementable strategies and plan of action Competent development management Meaningful participation of stakeholders Effective monitoring and quality assurance Managing risks and restraints

Effectiveness in Policy Enforcement Compliance building Enabling environment for enforcement Enforcement competency and capability Effective monitoring Collaboration and Partnerships

Monitoring and Evaluation of Development Policy

Development Policy Monitoring Positive reinforcement Generation of Performance Information Quality assurance Problem identification and solution Guidance for improvement

What to do in policy monitoring? Developing monitoring plan of action Formation of competent monitoring team Collection of factual information Continuous observation Identification of implementational problems and constraints Assuring the quality of implementation Guide, inspire and motivate the implementing agency Review and verify the outputs and results Initiate and encourage for continuous improvement

Approaches and Levels of Monitoring Enforceability Monitoring Performance Monitoring Quality and Impact Monitoring Strategic Monitoring

Practices of Development Policy Monitoring Periodic review of policy implementation: NDAC and MDAC Periodic and contingent monitoring by OPMCM and Line Ministries Legislative monitoring by Parliamentary Committees Periodic monitoring by donor missions Outsourcing and contracting-out arrangements for independent/third-party monitoring Social auditing and public hearings Dissemination of policy performance reports and feedback

Development Policy Evaluation Policy evaluation is concerned with what happened once a policy been put into effect. Independent assessment or appraisal of policy implementation. Determining the worth or social utility of a policy. Assessment of the overall effectiveness of policy in meeting the objectives.

Scope of Policy Evaluation What are the impacts and effects of policy implementation? What is the utility of policy? What are the problems and constraints: strategic, institutional, methodological and behavioural? What are the possible reform measures? What should be the future strategies and course of reform actions?

Development Policy Reform

Development Policy Reform Understanding the successes and failures of policy initiatives through deliberative research and objective comparisons with the purpose of policy reinvention, innovative changes and transformation in the policy for achieving effectiveness.

Achieving better position Policy Change Policy Change Transformation Transition Meaningful Shift Dynamic adjustment Achieving better position

Different Forms of Development Policy Change Drift: Collapse due to lack of adaptation Conversion: New version Displacement: New paradigms Layering: Amendments and additions Exhaustion: Exposure to breakdown

Policy Transfer: ‘Inspiration’ rather than ‘Imitation’

Policy Transfer Policy reform process in which knowledge, skill and competencies about the strategic framework, structural aspects, systemic framework and associated behaviour of one policy setting is used in transforming the policy with enhanced effectiveness in the changed context and setting.

Policy Transfer: Key Elements Regulatory, administrative, technological and judicial tools Policy ideals and goals Transfer of institutions Ideas and ideologies Human resource

Policy Convergence Policy Change Reinvention Reform Policy Transfer Fusion Diffusion Innovation Policy Convergence Political Goals and Outcomes Policy Instruments Policy Styles Different Levels of Convergence

Driving Factors in Policy Change Coercive factor: Imposition Catalytic effects Institutional capacity Motivational drives and Incentives Inspiration for internalization

Development Policy: Key Challenges and Effectiveness

Policy Challenges of Developing Countries 1. Survival of the State and strengthening of national political and economic independence; 2. Modernization of society through industrialization, social development, the application of science and technology, and changes in socio-economic relationships and behaviour; 3. Increasing meaningful and empowered citizen participation, thereby bringing about representative institutions, political equality, participative governance and the guarantee of collective and individual rights.

Challenges of Development Policy Changing demographic dynamics Persistent inequalities Inadequacies of governance Effectiveness of international aid Market instabilities Environmental pressures

A Successful Development Policy Rationality and Logic of policy Emotional strengths for implementation Strategic competence for execution Encouraging response and satisfaction of citizens Management of change

Achieving Effectiveness of Development Policy Policy Effectiveness Constitutional and Political Developmental Governance Managerial Innovation Global Moral and Ethical Citizen

Key Lessons in Development Policy Market-oriented policy reforms have had positive payoffs: Economic Governance Facilitative institutions and laws play crucial role in better realization of development policy: Political Governance Management of expectations of stakeholders is key to development policy effectiveness: Social Governance

Achieving Quality of Development Policy Rational selection: Feasibility Citizen participation: Right, choice and voice Meaningful engagement of political parties: Political capability and entrepreneurship Competent development management: Accountability for results Global position and local impacts Evidence-based reforms

Achieving Coherence in Development Policy Coherence between global agenda and national capacity Coherence between social and environment policies Coherence between sources of finance and development needs Coherence between diverse needs and delivery Coherence between political and developmental intents

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