1. Public Policy Process
Ghanashyam Bhattarai

2. Objectives: to Analyze the process of Public Policy
What is Public Policy?
What is Policy Making Process?
Public Policy Framework and Model
Public Policy Framework
Policy Models 2

3. Objectives: to Analyzing Public Policy Formation
Approaches and Implementation for Public Policy Formation
  Designing Policy Monitoring and Evaluation Frameworks
Monitoring and Evaluation Plans, Frameworks, Methods & Process 3

4. What is a Public Policy? 4

5. Public Policy is
Statement of arguments rationalizing a course of actions of a government
Plan of action
Contract or certificate (of insurance)
System of Law, Regulatory measures, courses of action and funding priorities concerning with public issues or matter
Political, Managerial, Financial and Administrative mechanism arranged to reach explicit goals 5

6. Public Policy is
In totality, it is a sum of public (government) activities affecting the citizens at large
Thus
Purposive course of action that is consistently followed in dealing with a problem. 6

7. Policy Contains following Elements:
Intentions
Goals
Plan or Proposal
Programs
Decision or Choice
Effects 7

8. Some Public Policy Areas
Criminal Justice
Education Policy
Economic Policy
Environmental Policy
Energy Policy
Foreign Policy
Insurance Policy
Health Care Policy (Preventive and Curative)
Social welfare policy, etc 8

9. Approaches of Making Public Policy
Micro-scale: focuses on individual problem and its solution
Meso-scale: focuses on political process and involves stakeholders
Macro-scale: focuses on system and context and structural nature in problems interpretation 9

10. Is Public Policy free of problems?
The answer is NO.
The main problems is it fails to address interests of non stakeholder
Public Forums
Civil Societies
Undefined groups 10

11. Policy Making Process Why need process? Basis for following process
“A problem well formulated is a problem half solved”
To learn on how to look at a problem from multiple prospective for achieving the best problem defined and possible (feasible) solution 11

12. Analysis of public problem supports the decision makers to determine:
whether or not a new policy is required
If a policy exists, whether or not , it needs to be modified
Analyze policy retrospectively or prospectively
Compare with others in similar situation
Assess implications
Explore staged of development of policy 12

13. Analyzing public policy?
Actions
Information sought
Defining
Condition giving rise to a problem
Prediction
Assessing Consequences
Prescription
Causes of Action
Description
Causes and Consequences of action
Evaluation
Value assessment 13

14. Perspective Policy Analysis
1. Onsite sanitation policy:
The Government has taken a policy on sanitation in rural areas that waste generated in household shall be managed at house level. The wastewater generated is managed at house level.
2. Output Based Allowance Policy
The poor households (not exceeding 5% of total households in the project area of second small town waster supply and sanitation project) get cash subsidies for constructing a latrines. The subsidies are paid on the basis of the output; construction and use of latrine at house level. This policy has generated an encouraging result in the area of sanitation in the project areas. 14

15. Types of Policy Analysis
Perspective Policy Analysis
Production and transformation of information before policy actions
Suffers from inadequate and unreliable information about change in values, goals and objectives which occur after policy implementation 15

16. Types ………. Retrospective Policy Analysis
Confined to production and transformation of information after policy actions
Suffers from its nature with passive reporting of information about the consequences of implemented policy 16

17. Types ………. Integrated Policy Analysis
Builds on the strength of both Prospective and Retrospective Policy Analysis
Concerns with production and transformation of information of both before and after policy implementation 17

18. Methodology of Policy Analysis
Descriptive Decision Theory
Set of logically consistent propositions that describe actions. Its aims understanding a policy problem
Narrative Decision Theory
Set of logically consistent propositions that provide a basis for improving the consequences of actions. Its aims at solving the policy problem. 18

19. Policy Analysis Model Institutional Model
Public policy determined by political institutions giving policy legitimacy
Universally applies (government policy) to all citizen, e.g. legislative, executive and judicial decisions 19

20. Policy Analysis Model Process Model
Identification of a problem and demand for action(s) (by government)
(Formation, legitimization, implementation and evaluation) 20

21. Policy Analysis Model Group Model
Establishing and enforcing compromises between various, even conflicting interests in society
Elite Model
Performance and values of governing elites
Top down model ( “I know what is better for you” approach) 21

22. Policy Analysis Model Rational Model
Establishing and enforcing to make logically sound decisions
Herbert Simon’s finding appropriate from among possible options to achieve goal 22

23. Policy Analysis Model Game Model
Rational decisions in situation where two or more participant have choices to make
Abstract and logical
Define on how should go about making decisions 23

24. Implementation of Policy Analysis Model
Creates order and simplify reality
Identifies what is significant
Can be congruent with reality
Can provide meaningful communication
Direct enquiry and research
Supports explanations 24

25. Challenges of Public Policy
Show up in ways difficult to address
Inherently multi dimensional overlap and contradict (Infrastructure projects vs DoF)
Ill defined so wicked problems
Illusory consensus over social goals
Different often conflicting preference, values
Incomplete and nonsystematic policy definition 25

26. Thank You