Determine if the source is a Primary or Secondary source or Neither. A letter written by a slave in to the governor about poor living conditions The painting “The Last Supper” A transcript of an interview with a WWII veteran The diary of Anne Frank An old Roman grave stone A photograph of George Washington Strayer’s “The Ways of the World” Arrowheads found by archeologists

Early Human Migrations

Paleolithic Age 2 million to 8,000 BCE Human evolution Becoming less like animals Learning to adapt and eventually control their environment Development and discovery of technologies

Focus Questions What causes people to migrate? How do people survive and adapt to their new environments?

Adapting to New Environments Climate Food Sources Natural Resources Threats Interactions with other Humans Technologies developed to adapt to these new environments Tools made from available resources Tools for hunting/fishing/foraging Items made for trade

Indo-European Migrations

Diffusion and Isolation Geography effects cultural development Diffusion cultural elements spread with the migrations of people Languages Belief systems Technologies Similarities in cultures today Isolation Places more isolated develop very unique cultures or a vast number of different culture

Indo-European Languages

Indo-European Language Tree

Bantu Migrations (1500 BCE-500 CE) Bantu people originated in central Africa (Cameroon) Migration triggered by the drying of the Sahara Reach South Africa by 300 CE Introduced agriculture, cattle herding, and iron (?) to Sub-Saharan Africa Become dominant ethnic and language group of Sub-Saharan Africa

African Language Distribution Bantu words borrowed by Western culture Banjo Bongos Gumbo Jumbo Safari Conga Rumba Zombie Kwanzaa

Austronesian Migrations

Polynesian Migrations (3000 BCE -500 CE)

Australian Aboriginal Tribes

Languages of Africa

Ethnic Groups of South East Asia

Early Human Societies AP World History

What are the basic characteristics of early human societies? Focus Question What are the basic characteristics of early human societies?

Developments of Paleolithic Age 12,000 BCE–humans evolved physically and mentally to the level of today Opposable thumbs & developed brain Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) Achievements Invention of tools & weapons Language Control of fire Art (sculpture, jewelry, and cave paintings) Humans lived in small bands of hunter-gatherers Nomadic

Hunter-Forager Societies Men hunt and/or fish; women gather fruits, etc. Lived in kinship groups of 20-30 people Follow migratory patterns of animals Need large portions of land to support themselves Life expectancy was 20 years or less Lascaux Cave, France

Hunter-Forager Societies Developed tools suitable for their environment Stone blades Spear tips Fish hooks Grinding stones Groups were not always self-sufficient Trade with neighboring groups was often necessary Up to 200 mile trade networks Communication between societies

Hunter-Forager Societies Animism Gave spirits or life to non-living things in nature Burying the dead Other Cultural developments Body ornaments Beads Pigments (colors) Figurines Art

Archeology Thinking activity Historical Thinking Skills the study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and the analysis of artifacts and other physical remains Thinking activity Historical Thinking Skills Analyzing Evidence Contextualization Synthesis

Analyze the Artifacts Make predictions about the people What is it made of? What was it used for? How was it made? Why did people need it? Make predictions about the people Where did these people live? How did these people live? How did these people use the artifacts to survive/prosper Make sure that your analysis of the artifacts back up your claims

Set of Artifacts 3  

Identify Which of the 5 themes each of the following belong to Chiefdom Egalitarian gender roles Trade Sun god Migrations Stone Tools Burial Rituals Small kinship groups Ornamental Jewelry Hunter/Gatherers

Map 1.3 The Global Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism From ten or more separate points of origin, agriculture spread to adjacent areas, eventually encompassing almost all of the world’s peoples.

Match the Staple Crops/Animals to the Area in which Farming/Pastoralism first began Wheat Cattle Barley Sheep Beans Horse Corn Taro Quinoa Peanut Sorghum Millet Rice Fertile Crescent Andean Region (South America) New Guinea East Asia Sudanic Africa Southwest Steppes (Central Asia)

What were the effects of the Neolithic Revolution? Focus Question What were the effects of the Neolithic Revolution?

Origins of Agriculture

Neolithic Revolution Around 10000 BCE, two discoveries revolutionized human society Farming (1st crops were wheat & barley) Herding (1st domesticated animals were sheep & goats then pigs & cattle) Domesticated animals produced a new type of society called Pastoralists Farming & herding allowed for urban development 1st cities emerged in Middle East (Turkey & Jordan) Jericho and Catal Huyuk

Early Villages Earliest villages located in the Middle East Population of early villages evolved from the hundreds to the thousands Probably declined due to environmental degradation Over used the land Desertification Deforestation Top: Artist rendering of the early village of Catal Huyuk; Bottom: statue of a goddess from Catal Huyuk

Life in Early Villages Farming Larger Population Food Surplus Productive and efficient way of feeding a society Farming More people survive More people produce Larger Population Store food More productive farming Food Surplus Skills Cultural development Technologies Specialization

Life in Early Villages Specialization Community Leaders Politics Community Leaders Religious Leaders emerge Economics New skilled jobs toolmakers, miners, craftsman, artisans and merchants, scribes, philosophers, alchemists Socially Men did tough jobs Women’s roles declined Social hierarchies emerged based on skill/job Culturally Increase in technology and cultural developments Pottery, the plow, irrigation, woven textiles, wheeled vehicles, art, math, science, language Specialization

Society in Early Villages New Social Classes Based on specialization of labor Elites – religious and political authorities Warriors Scribes Artisans/Craftsmen Merchants Laborers/Farmers Development of patriarchy Women’s role in social production not as equal Private Property and hereditary inheritance Less respected in societies

Technologies in Early Villages Agriculture Irrigation systems Plow Metallurgy Metal weapons/tools New Metals Bronze Steel Craftsmanship Woven textiles Pottery Engineering Building structures Wheeled vehicles Arts Carvings Sculpting Painting Knowledge Math Science Language Writing systems

Pastoral Societies Nomadic peoples who herd domesticated animals Move in search of food for their animals Traditionally more stable than hunter-gatherer societies Develop on marginal land apart from areas suitable for agriculture, often semi-arid regions Interact with agricultural societies

Pastoral Societies Many pastoral nomads lived in kin-related bands numbering up to 100 Tribal membership was defined by recognizing a common ancestry among kinship groups Often called Courage Cultures Warlike males bound to each other by ties of personal loyalty tended to dominate these societies Violence between kinship groups limited the ability of clans and tribes to cooperate Most practice a form of animism or shamanism