1. We were gatherers and hunters most of our time on planet earth
The Paleolithic Age: 99%
We were gatherers and hunters most of our time on planet earth

2. Paleolithic Age 2 million to 8,000 BCE

3. In 1976, Mary Leakey uncovered in what is now Tanzania a series of footprints of three such individuals, preserved in the cooling volcanic ash about 3.5 million years ago
Some 250,000 years ago, Homo sapiens emerged in Africa

4. Neolithic Revolution
Some hunters & gatherers were advanced, but were never able to develop complex societies because they had to migrate to find food
Early humans were nomadic hunters & gatherers & had to move around to find their food

5. Paleolithic Peoples Social organization Kinship groups
20-30 people per group
Life expectancy was 20 years or less
Equality between hunters/gatherers
Slow population growth
Follow migratory patterns of animals
Need large portions of land to support themselves

6. Gender Roles Men hunt and/or fish; women gather fruits, etc.
Egalitarian Social Stratification
Everyone had to contribute to ensure survival
Women as important as men
Matrilineal

7. Fertility and Role Of Women
PAST Representations of Women in Early Art

8. Survival Scare Resources contributed to nomadism
a steady and plentiful food supply
Food collectors not food producers
Groups were not always self-sufficient
Trade with neighboring groups was often necessary

9. Technological Advancements
Development of spoken language
Ability to make simple tools out of stone
Ability to control and use fire
Ability to adapt to a multiplicity of environments

10. Culture
Polytheistic
Belief in divine power(s) that controlled/influence the environment and people’s lives
Practiced Animism
Buried their dead
Cave Paintings

11. Migration – Out of Africa Theory
Sometime after 100,000 years ago, Homo sapiens began to migrate out of Africa
Migration to new climates made possible by
Fire
Animal skins
Climate change

13. Migration of Humans

15. Indo-European Migrations

16. Polynesian Migrations (3000 BCE -500 CE)

17. Bantu Migrations (1500 BCE-500 CE)
Bantu people originated in central Africa (Cameroon)
Migration triggered by the drying of the Sahara
Reach South Africa by 300 CE
Introduced agriculture, cattle herding, and iron (?) to Sub-Saharan Africa
Become dominant ethnic and language group of Sub-Saharan Africa

18. Neolithic Revolution Farming changed the way humans lived:
Around 8,000 B.C., the Neolithic Revolution occurred & early humans discovered how to farm & domesticate animals
People no longer had to be nomads
Food surpluses led to population increases
Farming villages became established along river valleys for their good soil & irrigation

19. Neolithic Revolution
Around BCE, two discoveries revolutionized human society
Farming (1st crops were wheat & barley)
Herding (1st domesticated animals were goats, pigs, & cattle)
Domesticated animals produced a new type of society called Pastoralists
Farming & herding allowed for urban development
1st cities emerged in Middle East (Turkey & Jordan)
Jericho and Catal Huyuk

20. Invention of Agriculture
Humans deliberately planned to harvest plants, grains and vegetables for later harvest – not diversified
People began domesticating (raising for food) animals (pigs, sheep, goats, cattle).
Overgrazing had an impact on the grasslands and led to soil erosion
Metal tools were developed for planting and harvesting.
Development of agriculture moved humans toward more sophisticated social and cultural patterns.
Led to soil erosion and loss of fertile land

21. Improvements in agricultural production, trade, transportation
Pottery
Plows
Woven textiles
Metallurgy
Wheel and wheeled vehicles

22. Origins of Agriculture

23. Early Villages Earliest villages located in the Middle East
Population of early villages evolved from the hundreds to the thousands
Probably declined due to environmental degradation
Top: Artist rendering of the early village of Catal Huyuk; Bottom: statue of a goddess from Catal Huyuk

24. Life in Early Villages
Full-time political and religious figures emerge as community leaders
Specialized workers such as toolmakers, miners, and merchants
Despite specialization, well-defined social stratification did not exist
Farming & specialization of labor led to a decline in the role of women
Farming & specialized labor led to increase in technology

25. Agriculture and Change

27. Bronze Age
Metal replaces stone tools.
Agricultural significance
Metalworking as specialized trade
Woodworking more elaborate
Craft manufacturing
Wheel
c B.C.E.
Advancements in commerce, war

28. World Population Growth
Intensive agriculture caused human population to jump from 5-8 million to 60 to 70 million in 5,000 years

29. Neolithic Revolution: Spread of Agriculture

30. What are the potential effects of population pressure?

31. World Population Growth

32. Negative Effects of Population Growth

33. Neolithic Revolution
Around 3,000 B.C., some farming villages became complex civilizations. Brainstorm: What characteristics are needed to makes people a “civilization”? ?
Advanced cities

34. Characteristics of Civilizations? ? ? ? ?

35. Civilizations must have cities that are centers of trade for large areas

36. Civilizations must have technologies that make their lives easier

37. Civilizations must have writing in order to keep records of taxes, laws, or trade

38. Civilizations must have specialized workers that create a class system

39. Civilizations must have complex institutions like government & religion to keep order

40. What does stationary agriculture do for a society?
CREATES
Urban living.
Law.
Government officials.
Writing.
Military forces.
Socioeconomic classes. 41

41. The Idea of Civilization in World Historical Perspective
Fundamental differences
Civilized vs. "savage," "inferior"
What makes one uncivilized
Greeks: barbarians = "those who cannot speak Greek"
Cultural attributes (language, dress, manners)
Shift did not happen until 18th–19th centuries.

42. What is a civilization?
A society distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, existence of non-farming elites, and social stratification.
Large societies with powerful cities and states

43. Despite Differences ALL:
Produced agricultural surpluses that permitted:
Significant specialization of labor
Cities
Complex institutions
Political bureaucracies
Armies
Religious hierarchies
Stratified social hierarchies
Long-distance trading relationships within and between civilizations and nomadic pastoralists

44. As populations grew:
Competition for surplus resources (esp. food) lead to
Greater social stratification
Specialization of labor
Increased trade
Development of record keeping

45. The first states emerged within core civilizations
States were powerful new systems of rule that mobilized surplus labor and resources over large areas
Early states were often led by a ruler whose source of power was believed to be divine or had divine support and/or who was supported by the military
As states grew and competed for land and resources – some had an advantage

46. What are the four river societies where civilizations began?
Mesopotamia. (Fertile Crescent)
Nile River Valley.
Indus River valley.
Yellow River valley. 47

47. Pastoral Societies Nomadic peoples who herd domesticated animals
Move in search of food for their animals
Traditionally more stable than hunter-gatherer societies
Develop on marginal land apart from areas suitable for agriculture, often semi-arid regions
Interact with agricultural societies

48. Many pastoral nomads lived in kin-related bands numbering up to 100
Tribal membership was defined by recognizing a common ancestry among kinship groups
Often called Courage Cultures
Warlike males bound to each other by ties of personal loyalty tended to dominate these societies
Violence between kinship groups limited the ability of clans and tribes to cooperate
Most practice a form of animism or shamanism

49. Fringe Groups – Nomadic Societies
Nomads and Civilizations
Invasions
Change population structure
Political leadership
Often peaceful, mutually beneficial relationship with agricultural societies
Trade

50. Pastoralists/Nomads
Often developers and disseminators of new weapons and modes of transportation that transformed warfare in agrarian societies
Compound bows
Iron weapons
Chariots
Horseback riding