Biological Research Methods & Ethics

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Presentation transcript:

Biological Research Methods & Ethics Learning Objectives: 3. Discuss how and why particular research methods are used at the biological level of analysis. 4. Discuss ethical considerations related to research studies at the biological level of analysis.

How to address the objectives… What does DISCUSS mean? Describe the methods Give examples (research) Evaluate use 3. Discuss how and why particular research methods are used at the biological level of analysis. WHY do they use specific methods? WHAT are the strengths and limitations? In a biological context 4. Discuss ethical considerations related to research studies at the biological level of analysis. WHY are methods used? WHAT are the ethical issues?

THREE main research methods Laboratory Experiments Case Studies Correlational Studies

Laboratory Experiments Establish cause and effect between variables Animals and humans Limitation to using human Too much information can alter results Necessary for ethics? Placebo Effect Respond to being treated not the treatment How do you study brain damage? You can’t cause it in humans

What animals are used? Rats, pigeons and fruit flies One view Why fruit flies? Short life span Study evolution by changing environment One view Lesser experience of pain Less conscious awareness Closely monitored Argument against… Morally wrong Difference in suffering is not large enough If they are different than us, why do we study them?

Research support Rosenzweig

Case Studies Study naturally occurring irregularities Data Braing damage Long-term drug use Genetic disorders Data Medical context Change in behavior Brain scans Strength: noninvasive Limitation: no control, no clear cause and effect

Correlational Studies No manipulation Studies two or more measures and the relationship between them Most research is twin/adoption studies Brain Scans fMRI and PET scans show us the relationship between behavior, cognition or emotions and brain functions Limitations Does not establish cause and effect

Research Support Bouchard

Ethics Must have informed consent Case Studies Those with mental illness may not be able to Very few participants Turn to animal research (#1 argument for animal research) Case Studies Unique situations make it hard to keep things anonymous

As a group, answer the following questions…. Write the following questions down… Does it matter that laboratory experiments are more common than field experiments at the biological level of analysis? How can we know if animals experience pain and suffering? Is it possible to resolve this issue logically? As a group, answer the following questions….