1. SS440 Seminar: Unit 4 Research in Psychopathology Dr. Angie Whalen Kaplan University 1

2. Agenda Case Study Project Part I ▫ Due Tuesday, 11:59 p.m. Research in Psychopathology Conclusions & Questions 2

3. Conducting Research in Psychopathology Questions driving a science of psychopathology ▫What problems cause distress or impair functioning? ▫Why do people behave in unusual ways? ▫How can we help people behave in more adaptive ways? 3

4. Basic Components of Research Starts with a hypothesis or “educated guess” ▫Not all hypotheses are testable ▫Hypotheses in science are formulated so that they are testable Research design ▫A method to test hypotheses ▫Independent variable  The variable that causes or influences behavior ▫Dependent variable  The behavior influenced by the independent variable 4

5. Considerations in Research Design Internal validity vs. external validity ▫What is internal validity? ▫What is external validity? Ways to increase internal validity by minimizing confounds ▫Use of control groups ▫Use of random assignment procedures ▫Use of analog models Relation between internal and external validity 5

6. Statistical vs. Clinical Significance Statistical methods ▫Helps to protect against biases in evaluating data Statistical vs. clinical significance ▫Statistical significance – are results due to chance? ▫Clinical significance – are results clinically meaningful? Balancing statistical vs. clinical significance ▫Evaluate effect size ▫Evaluate social validity Generalizability and the patient uniformity myth 6

7. Studying Individual Cases Case study method ▫Extensive observation and detailed description of a client ▫Foundation of early historic developments in psychopathology Limitations ▫Lacks scientific rigor and suitable controls ▫Internal validity is typically weak ▫Often entails numerous confounds 7

8. Research by Correlation The nature of correlation ▫Statistical relation between two or more variables ▫No independent variable is manipulated Limitations ▫Does not imply causation ▫Problem of directionality Epidemiological research – an example of the correlational method ▫Incidence, prevalence, and course of disorders ▫Examples – AIDS, trauma following disaster 8

9. Research by Experiment Nature of experimental research ▫Manipulation of independent variables ▫Attempt to establish causal relations Group experimental designs ▫Control groups ▫Placebo vs. double-blind controls 9

10. Research by Experiment (continued) Comparative treatment designs ▫Type of group design ▫Compare different forms of treatment in similar persons ▫Addresses treatment process and outcome 10

11. Single-Case Experimental Designs Nature of single subject design ▫Rigorous study of single cases ▫Varied experimental conditions and time ▫Repeated measurement ▫Evaluation of variability, level, and trend ▫Premium on internal validity Types of single-subject design ▫Withdrawal designs ▫Multiple baseline designs 11

12. Discussion Which type of research do you think would be most helpful in understanding abnormal behavior? ▫Case Studies ▫Correlational ▫Group Experimental Designs ▫Single Case Experimental Designs 12

13. Genetic Research Strategies Behavioral genetics ▫Interaction between genes, experience, and behavior ▫Phenotype vs. genotype 13

14. Genetic Research Strategies (continued) Strategies used in genetic research ▫Family studies – behaviors/emotional traits in family members ▫Adoptee studies – separate environmental from genetic factors ▫Twin studies – psychopathology in fraternal vs. identical twins ▫Genetic linkage and association studies – sites of defective genes 14

15. Discussion Why might twin studies give us such compelling evidence regarding the influence of genetics? Can you think of any ways that twin studies could be combined with other types of research to give us more insight into human behavior and particularly into psychological disorders? 15

16. Studying Behavior Over Time Rationale and overview ▫How does the problem or behavior change over time? ▫Important in prevention and treatment research 16

17. Studying Behavior Over Time (continued) Time-based research strategies ▫Cross-sectional designs and the cohort effect ▫Longitudinal designs and the cross-generational effect ▫Sequential designs – combine both strategies Assets and liabilities of time-based research strategies 17

18. Studying Behavior Across Cultures Value of cross-cultural research ▫Overcoming ethnocentric research Assets and liabilities of cross cultural research ▫Assets  To clarify how psychopathology manifests in different ethnic groups ▫Problems with cross-cultural research  Limited by available measures 18

19. The Nature of Programmatic Research and Research Ethics Components of a research program ▫Set of interrelated research questions ▫Draw on several methodologies in finding answers ▫Conducted in stages, often involving replication 19

20. The Nature of Programmatic Research and Research Ethics (continued) Research ethics: institutional review boards & the APA ethics code ▫Role of institutional review boards ▫Informed consent – historical evolution post WWII ▫Competence – ability to provide consent ▫Voluntarism – lack of coercion ▫Full information – necessary information to make an informed decision ▫Comprehension – understanding about benefits and risks of participation 20

21. Summary of Research Methods (continued) Abnormal psychology is founded in the scientific method ▫Understand the nature of abnormality and human suffering ▫Understand the causes of psychological disorders ▫Understand the course of psychological disorders ▫Understand how to prevent and treat psychological disorders 21

22. Summary of Research Methods (continued) Replication is the cornerstone of science and programmatic research Research must occur in the context of ethical considerations and values 22

23. Questions?? 23