Goal 11Part 5 Civil Rights Movement
Challenging Segregation in COURT Thurgood Marshall - VERY FIRST African American Supreme Court Justice Brown V. Board of Education
Little Rock High School 1948 – Arkansas1st state ordered to admit African American students to state universities “LITTLE ROCK NINE” Supremacy Clause – Federal gov’t > state gov’t
Montgomery Bus Boycott THE ROSA PARKS EVENT STARTS THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Bus driver asked them to get up for a white man – Rosa Parks refused Montgomery Bus Boycott African Americans choose to NOT ride busses hurts economy of busing industry = nonviolent Leader of M. B. B. = Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) – Founder Civil Disobedience Leads to the formation of the: Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) – Student protestors
Demonstrations C.O.R.E – “Congress of Racial Equality” Original purpose: attack urban segregation C.O.R.E. = held the very first SIT-IN North Carolina A & T students in Greensboro, NC – Woolworth’s
Freedom Riders protesters that would sit in segregated areas on buses (on purpose) WANTED to provoke a violent reaction (Kennedy admin. could get involved and enforce laws)
FREEDOM RIDERS MOVIE
Integrating Ole Miss -1962 James Meredith –admitted to an all-white university in Mississippi He had to face Governor Ross Barnett Result: Federal troop escorts / 15 hour riot / hatred…etc.
Alabama Birmingham (Bombingham) 1957-1963 -18 bombings (all over racial issues) TOTAL segregation in public life “Children’s Crusade” May 2 – 1,000s of African American children led a march in Birmingham, Alabama MLK got arrested and was sent to jail LETTER FROM BIRMINGHAM JAIL Spoke of non-violence / civil disobedience
Marching on Washington Dreams of Equality 250,000 African American -men, women and children (75,000 white people) “I have a dream” Speech
March on SELMA (1965) Freedom Summer: C.O.R.E and SNCC put together a committee to “register African Americans” for their right to vote! March on Selma (VOTING MARCH) leads to the passing of the : Voting Rights Act of 1965 (GREAT SOCIETY / LBJ) no literacy test
De Facto vs. De Jure (segregation) & Malcolm X De Facto = segregation practice (white flight) De Jure = segregation by law (Plessy) DE JURE SEGREGATION “ENDED” DURING THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT ************************************************************** Malcolm X – sponsored VIOLENCE– COMPLETE OPPOSITE OF MLK (NON) “If you think we are here to tell you we love the white man, you have come to the wrong place” - Malcolm X
BLACK POWER Stokely Carmichael - coined the phrase “Black Power” Battle cry of “militant” Civil Rights Activists - Develop African Amer. Pride!!!!!
Black Panthers Oakland, California Protested police brutality in African American neighborhoods Argued: self-sufficiency for African American communities Black Panthers
Civil Rights Gains Civil Rights Act of 1968 / Fair Housing Act Provided for equal housing opportunities regardless of race, creed, or national origin.
Affirmative Action Help equalize education and job opportunities RESULT: REVERSE – DISCRIMINATION depriving of opportunities of white people Regents of University of California V. Bakke Race and gender can STILL be considered for admissions - affirmative Action is constitutional…but NOOOOOOOO Quotas!!!!
Reverse Discrimination (Side Effect of Affirmative Action)