Test Review Gilded Age

Westward Migration Describe the technologies that made westward migration possible. Railroads to get you there and new farm equipment to work the land Why did the government support/give money to the effort to develop the railroad? To help speed up the process to develop the West How did the transcontinental railroad impact the western frontier in the late 1800’s Led to the destruction of the buffalo by opening the frontier to settlers

What did the Homestead Act of 1862 offer to settlers? Where? Cheap land in the Great Plains Which settlers took advantage of the Homestead Act? The poor, minorities, and women What techniques did the farmers of the Great Plains use to adapt to their surroundings? Built sod houses, dug wells, used steel plows How did farmers of the Great Plains deal with problems brought on by the cattlemen? Farmers used barbed wire fences

Native American Issues During the 19th century, where did the US government attempt to relocate the Native American population? Reservations in the West What was the purpose of the Dawes Act? An attempt of the US government to assimilate the Native Americans into mainstream American culture How did the Dawes Act affect the Native American population? Led to a loss of culture and tradition among the Native American populations

What is “Americanization”? Give an example. When Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce said he would “…fight no more forever” what government policy was he accepting? Movement onto reservations What was the biggest problem that the Native Americans faced on the reservations? They had never been farmers before What is “Americanization”? Give an example. Taking on the American culture. Owning private property, style of dress, name changes. What were the major issues that led to the Indian Wars that occurred from 1860-1890? Settlers moving West into Native American territory

Define Academic Vocabulary These words are used as part of a question, throughout the year we will discuss vocabulary that is not social studies related… here are a few from this test. Please be sure you can use it (application) Vermin Enamored Persecute Consolidation

Big Business: corporations that control large portion of people (monopolies) Americanization: to dress, speak, and act American Urbanization: people moving from countryside to cities

Labor Unions: protect worker’s rights Laissez-faire: government does not interfere (“hands off”) businesses (economy) Political bosses: controlled society by accepting bribe, ex. “you scratch my back, I will scratch yours” Labor Unions: protect worker’s rights **THINK** How do labor unions achieve this?

**THINK* What do these have in common? Interstate Commerce Act: protect small businesses by regulating railroads Sherman Antitrust Act: protect consumers by ending monopolies and protecting competition (keep prices low) **THINK* What do these have in common? Break up monopolies Protect competition

Living conditions: crowded, dirty “New Immigrants”: from Southern & Eastern Europe, did not speak English, not Protestant (culture) Where did they live? Near factories-tenaments/slums THINK *Why were they willing to leave their home country? Living conditions: crowded, dirty

Labor Conditions: dirty, dangerous, no wage limits (minimum wage), no hour limit 19th Century Technology: Telegraph and telephone- increase communication Effect of monopolies: prices increase because of limited competition

Andrew Carnegie: “Captain of Industry” that owned the production of steel Pros: organized large production of steel philanthropy Cons: abuse of workers “Robber Barron”

Job Opportunities: Urban: factory workers Rural: farming

Cause Effect Immigration Hope for the better opportunity US gained cheap labor, wages decreased Chinese Exclusion Act Decreased in wages in California Banned Chinese Industrialization Expansion of railroad Skilled workers replaced by machine workers

Foundation Stuff Here are some things from the Foundation Unit to know for this test.

Tocqueville’s 5Principle: Liberty- freedom of choice Egalitarianism- equality of people Individualism- people have a voice Populism- common people Laissez-faire – government “hands off” economy Impact of Railroad: supplies could be transported quickly Ex. Cattle in the west to population in the east