SOLUTIONS, SUSPENSIONS, AND COLLOIDS

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Presentation transcript:

SOLUTIONS, SUSPENSIONS, AND COLLOIDS

Solution – a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances solute – substance being dissolved solvent – dissolving medium For a salt water solution: The solute is salt The solvent is water

SOLUBILITY The amount of a substance which will dissolve in a given amount of a particular solvent under certain conditions (ie. temperature and pressure. Which substance has the highest solubility at 20oC? KI How many grams of KCl will dissolve in 200 g of water at 60oC? 90 g

soluble – will dissolve insoluble – will not dissolve For all solutions: soluble – will dissolve insoluble – will not dissolve For liquid/liquid solutions only: Miscible - will dissolve Immiscible – will not dissolve

General Concentration Terms Unsaturated Solution – when less solute is dissolved in a solvent than is possible under the existing conditions Saturated Solution – when as much solute is dissolved as possible under the existing conditions Supersaturated Solution – when more solute is dissolved in a solvent than should be possible under the existing conditions

What would happen if a single “seed crystal” were added to: An unsaturated solution? It would dissolve A saturated solution? It would sink to the bottom (it would not dissolve) A supersaturated solution? Crystals of solute will start precipitating

Factors Affecting the Rate of Solubility: Heating Stirring Increasing Surface Area

Factors Affecting the Degree of Solubility: For Solids: In general, the solubility of a solid in a liquid increases as the temperature of the solvent increases.

For Gases: 1. In general, the solubility of a gas in a liquid decreases as the temperature of the liquid solvent increases. 2. Henry’s Law: The solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas over over the liquid.

SUSPENSIONS A heterogeneous mixture whose particles (which are relatively large) will settle out upon standing

COLLOIDS: A homogeneous / heterogeneous (depending on the source!) mixture whose particles, which are intermediate in size, will not settle out upon standing

SOLUTIONS, SUSPENSIONS, AND COLLOIDS CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLUTIONS, SUSPENSIONS, AND COLLOIDS PROPERTY SOLUTIONS COLLOIDS SUSPENSIONS Particle Size Small (0.1 – 1 nm) Medium (1-100 nm) Large (100 nm or larger) Tyndall Effect No Yes Effect of Gravity Do not settle out Settle out Filtration Cannot be separated Can be separated Uniformity Homogeneous Borderline Heterogeneous

The Tyndall Effect The visible path produced by a beam of light passing through a colloidal mixture; caused by the scattering of light by the dispersed particles

EXAMPLES OF SOLUTIONS AND COLLOIDS TYPE SOLUTION COLLOID Solid/Solid Alloys (brass, etc.) Colored gems Solid/Liquid Ocean water Jell-o, jelly, blood (gels and sols) Solid/Gas Sulfur vapor in air Smoke Liquid/Solid Mercury in copper Pearls, Opals Liquid/Liquid Alcohol in water Mayonnaise (emulsions) Liquid/Gas Fog Hair spray (aerosols) Gas/Solid Hydrogen adhered to platinum Ivory soap, marshmallows Gas/Liquid Dr. Pepper, Sprite Whipped cream (foams) Gas/gas Air NONE

colloidal mixtures of a solid dispersed in a liquid Emulsions Gels and Sols colloidal mixtures of a solid dispersed in a liquid Emulsions colloidal mixture of a liquid dispersed in a liquid Aerosols colloidal mixture of a liquid dispersed in a gas Foam colloidal mixture of a gas dispersed in a liquid