Packet #13 Short Edition Chapter #9 Cell Respiration Packet #13 Short Edition Chapter #9

Introduction The goal of cellular respiration is to produce energy in the form of ATP Adenosine Tri-phosphate Catabolism Breaking large molecules to small molecules while producing energy Cell respiration, occurring when oxygen is present, is called aerobic respiration. C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

Methods of Producing ATP I Substrate level phosphorylation Occurs when a phosphate is transferred directly, from an intermediate, to ADP to produce ATP Occurs during glycolysis and the Kreb’s Cycle

Methods of Producing ATP II Oxidative phosphorylation Occurs when NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinulceotide), or FADH (flavin adenine dinucleotide) is oxidized (redox reaction), using oxygen, to form ATP Occurs at the electron transport chain 1 NADH produces 3 ATP’s 1 FADH produces 2 ATP’s

“Selected” Steps of Cell Respiration Substrate Level Phosporylation

Step I Process Location Large organic macromolecules are changed to their building blocks Polysaccharides  monosaccharide (glucose) Proteins  amino acids Fats  glycerol & fatty acid chains Location Cytosol of cell

Step II Glycolysis 10 steps Location Production Cytosol of cell 2 net ATP’s Via substrate level phosphorylation Pyruvate Produced from breaking glucose in half 2 NADH

Step III Pyruvate to ACOA (Acetyl Co-enzyme A) Location Production Mitochondria Matrix Production ACOA NADH CO2

Step IV Krebs Cycle Location Production Mitochondria Matrix 2 GTP (ATP) Via substrate level phosphorylation NADH FADH Oxaloacetate

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Step V Location Process Electron Transport Chain Found within the inner membrane of the mitochondria Made up of 5 complexes Complex 5 is called ATP synthase (an enzyme) Produces ATP Process All NADH and FADH, produced in earlier stages, were transported to Electron Transport Chain. NADH/FADH donate H+ and electrons Both H+ , and the electrons, are used in the process of making ATP.

Total Number of ATP’s

ATP Production Substrate Level Phosphorylation Glycolysis 2 ATP’s Kreb’s Cycle Oxidative Phosphorylation 32-34 ATP’s Totals 36 – 38 ATP

Fermentation—(Cell Respiration in the Absence of Oxygen)

Introduction I Anaerobic Respiration Two Types Respiration without the presence of oxygen The oxygen is necessary for the electron transport chain. Two Types Lactic Acid Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation

Introduction II Lactic Acid Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation Glucose + 2P + 2ADP  2 lactate + 2 ATP + 2 H2O Occurs in muscles during intense exercise The production of lactate (lactic acid) results in muscle cramps Allows production of quick amounts of “expensive” ATP Alcoholic Fermentation Occurs in muscles, but is well known for use in the production of alcoholic beverages and in baking when yeast is used The products of the chemical reaction are alcohol and CO2 CO2 causes air pockets in bread allowing it to rise