1. 1 Cellular Respiration

2. 2 oxygen (O 2 ) energy macromolecules (glucose) energy (ATP)water (H 2 O). An oxygen (O 2 ) requiring process that uses energy extracted from macromolecules (glucose) to produce energy (ATP) and water (H 2 O). C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO2 + 6H 2 O + energy glucoseATP

3. 3 Question: In what kinds organisms does cellular respiration take place? In what kinds organisms does cellular respiration take place?

4. 4 Plants and Animals Plants - Autotrophs Plants - Autotrophs: self-producers. Animals - Heterotrophs: consumers.

5. 5 Mitochondria Organellecellular respiration Organelle where cellular respiration takes place. Inner membrane Outer membrane Inner membrane space Matrix Cristae

6. 6 Where Does Cellular Respiration Take Place? It actually takes place in two parts of the cell: It actually takes place in two parts of the cell: Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm Krebs Cycle & ETC Takeplace in the Mitochondria Krebs Cycle & ETC Take place in the Mitochondria

7. 7 Review of Mitochondria Structure Smooth outer Membrane Smooth outer Membrane Folded inner membrane Folded inner membrane Folds called Cristae Folds called Cristae Space inside cristae called the Matrix Space inside cristae called the Matrix

8. 8 What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds

9. 9 Chemical Structure of ATP 3 Phosphates Ribose Sugar Adenine Base

10. 10 What Does ATP Do for You? It supplies YOU with ENERGY!

11. 11 How Do We Get Energy From ATP? By breaking the high- energy bonds between the last two phosphates in ATP

12. 12 When is ATP Made in the Body? During a Process called Cellular Respiration that takes place in both Plants & Animals

13. 13 Diagram of the Process

14. 14 Cellular Respiration A quick review… When we eat, we get energy (glucose and other sugars) Food energy is broken down into usable energy Energy used to bond phosphate groups to ADP to make ATP

15. 15 Cellular Respiration What is cell respiration??? Respiration: the process of breaking down food molecules into usable energy THE GOAL: Create ATP for cells to use Free up electrons—have high energy

16. 16 Cellular Respiration

17. 17 Cellular Respiration 2234

18. 18 1. Glycolysis Takes place in the Cytoplasm Anaerobic (Doesn’t Use Oxygen) Anaerobic (Doesn’t Use Oxygen) Glucose split into two molecules of Pyruvate or Pyruvic Acid

19. 19 Glycolysis This process is ANAEROBIC No oxygen necessary

20. 20 Glycolysis You will need to know this…

21. 21 Glycolysis Just Kidding…

22. 22 Glycolysis

23. 23 Glycolysis Also produces 2 NADH and 4 ATP Also produces 2 NADH and 4 ATP

24. 24 Glycolysis TOTAL ATP PRODUCTION: Net ATP production = 2 ATP for every glucose molecule

25. 25 Glycolysis Glycolysis = 2 ATP

26. 26 Glycolysis

27. 27 1. Glycolysis Total Net Yield Total Net Yield 2 - 3C-Pyruvate (PYR) 2 - ATP (Substrate-level Phosphorylation) 2 - NADH

28. 28 Acetyl CoA The Krebs Cycle Oxygen is present (aerobic). Occurs when Oxygen is present (aerobic). Each one of the 2 Pyruvate (3C) molecules. It combines with Coenzymen A to form Acetyl CoA (2C) molecules. Cytosol CCCCCC 2 Pyruvate 2 CO 2 2 Acetyl CoA C-C 2NADH 2 NAD + Matrix

29. 29 Cellular Respiration 2234

30. 30 Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Location: Location: mitochondrial matrix. Acetyl CoA (2C) bonds to Oxalacetic acid (4C - OAA) to make Citrate (6C). It takes 2 turns of the krebs cycle to oxidize 1 glucose molecule. Mitochondrial Matrix

31. 31 The Krebs cycle will produce CO 2 through a series of energy extracting steps.

32. 32 Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Krebs Cycle 1 Acetyl CoA (2C) 3 NAD + 3 NADH FAD FADH 2 ATP ADP +P (one turn) OAA (4C) Citrate (6C) 2 CO 2

33. 33 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Krebs Cycle 2 Acetyl CoA (2C) 6 NAD + 6 NADH 2 FAD 2 FADH 2 2 ATP 2 ADP +P (two turns) OAA (4C) Citrate (6C) 4 CO 2

34. 34 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) 2 turns Total net yield (2 turns of krebs cycle) 1. 2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) 2.6 - NADH 3.2 - FADH 2 4.4 - CO 2

35. 35 Cellular Respiration 2234

36. 36. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation ( Chemiosmosis ) Location: Location: inner mitochondrial membrane. ETC (cytochrome proteins) Uses ETC (cytochrome proteins) and ATP Synthase (enzyme) to make ATP. Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

37. 37 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation ( Chemiosmosis ) cellular respiration All NADH and FADH 2 converted to ATP during this stage of cellular respiration. Each NADH converts to 3 ATP. Each FADH 2 converts to 2 ATP (enters the ETC at a lower level than NADH).

38. 38 Electron Transport Chain Summary 34 ATP Produced 34 ATP Produced H 2 O Produced H 2 O Produced Occurs Across Inner Mitochondrial membrane Occurs Across Inner Mitochondrial membrane Uses coenzymes NAD+ and FAD+ to accept e- from glucose Uses coenzymes NAD+ and FAD+ to accept e- from glucose NADH = 3 ATP’s NADH = 3 ATP’s FADH 2 = 2 ATP’s FADH 2 = 2 ATP’s

39. 39 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation ( Chemiosmosis ) Inner membrane Outer membrane Inner membrane space Matrix Cristae

40. 40 4. ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis for 4. ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis for FADH 2 )

41. 41 TOTAL ATP YIELD 1. 2 ATP – Glycolysis 2. 2 ATP – Krebs Cycle 2. 34 ATP - ETC 3. 38 ATP - TOTAL YIELD ATP

42. 42 Maximum ATP Yield for Cellular Respiration (Eukaryotes) 36 ATP (maximum per glucose) Glucose Glycolysis 2ATP 4ATP 6ATP 18ATP 4ATP 2ATP 2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) 2NADH 6NADH Krebs Cycle 2FADH 2 2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) 2 Pyruvate 2 Acetyl CoA ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation Cytosol Mitochondria

43. 43 Cellular Respiration 2234

44. 44

45. 45 Substrate-Level Phosphorylation phosphate group ATP is formed when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP. Enzyme Substrate O - C=O C-O- CH 2 P PP Adenosine ADP (PEP) Example: PEP to PYR PPP ATP O - C=O CH 2 Product (Pyruvate) Adenosine

46. 46 Fermentation “NO Oxygen” (called anaerobic). Occurs in cytoplasm when “NO Oxygen” is present (called anaerobic). glycolysis fermentation Remember: glycolysis is part of fermentation. Two Types: Two Types: 1.Alcohol Fermentation 2. Lactic Acid Fermentation

47. 47 Alcohol Fermentation Plants and Fungi  beer and wine Plants and Fungi  beer and wine glucose Glycolysis CCCCCCCCCCCCC CCCCCC 2 Pyruvic acid 2ATP 2ADP + 2 2NADH P 2 NAD + CCCC 2 Ethanol 2CO 2 released 2NADH 2 NAD +

48. 48 Alcohol Fermentation End Products: Alcohol fermentation End Products: Alcohol fermentation 2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) 2 - CO 2 2 - Ethanol’s

49. 49 Lactic Acid Fermentation Animals (pain in muscle after a workout). Animals (pain in muscle after a workout). 2 Lactic acid acid 2NADH 2 NAD + CCCCCC Glucose Glycolysis CCCCCC 2 Pyruvic acid 2ATP 2ADP + 2 2NADH P 2 NAD + CCCCCCCCCCCCC

50. 50 Anaerobic Respiration Lactic Acid Fermentation Muscle fatigue When your muscle cells require more energy than can be produced Lack of oxygen Lactic acid build up = muscle fatigue When oxygen is present, lactic acid breaks down

51. 51 Lactic Acid Fermentation End Products: Lactic acid fermentation End Products: Lactic acid fermentation 2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) 2 - Lactic Acids

52. 52 Question: In addition to glucose, what other various food molecules are use in Cellular Respiration? In addition to glucose, what other various food molecules are use in Cellular Respiration?

53. 53 Catabolism of Various Food Molecules Other organic molecules used for fuel. 1. Carbohydrates: polysaccharides 2. Fats: glycerol’s and fatty acids 3. Proteins: amino acids

54. 54 Photosynthesis creates and stores energy and respiration releases it, allowing animals and plants to take up water, build new cells and grow, and basically run all other growth processes.

55. 55