1. Cellular Respiration
Chapter 9

2. Big Picture... Life is Work.
Organisms need to obtain materials and energy in order to complete necessary reactions for life.
2 Processes
Cellular Respiration (heterotrophs)
glucose + O2 ---> CO2 + H20 + ATP (heat)
Photosynthesis (autotrophs)
CO2 + H20 (light) ----> glucose + O2

3. ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
bonds broken via hydrolysis (release energy)
molecule that provides energy to drive cellular work
happens via phosphorylation (adding or removing P from ATP)
ATP <--> ADP
Producing ATP requires energy

4. Transfer of electrons between compounds...
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (redox)
oxidation (losing electrons)
reducing agent (electron donor)
reduction (gaining electrons--reduce positive charge)
oxidizing agent (electron acceptor)

5. Redox in Cellular Respiration...
glucose oxidized to CO2
oxygen reduced to H2O
coenzymes are used throughout this process to “help shuttle” the electrons (H+)
NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)--NADH is reduced state
FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)-- FADH2 is reduced state

6. Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration does not oxidize glucose in a single explosive step. Instead a series of steps are used to release small amounts of energy.
Glycolysis
in the cytosol. Glucose broken to pyruvate. Some ATP produced.
TCA (Krebs) Cycle and Pyruvate oxidation
pyruvate further oxidized and completely broken down to CO2 in the mitochondria. Some ATP produced.
Electron Transport Chain (oxidative phosphorylation and chemiosmosis)
accepts electrons from carriers (NADH and FADH2) and releases energy. ATP and H20 are produced here.

7. Glycolysis
Through a series of 10 reactions, the 6-carbon sugar (glucose), is broken down into…
two molecules of a 3-carbon molecule called pyruvate
net gain of 2 ATP molecules and 2 NADH molecules occurs (inefficient)
Anaerobic process. Does not require oxygen.

8. Pyruvate Oxidation Pyruvate travels into the mitochondria via
a transport protein.
Pyruvate then gets oxidized into Acetyl-CoA inside the mitochondria (one is produced per pyruvate molecule)
A CO2 molecule is released
One NADH molecule is produced
Acetyl-CoA then enters the TCA (Krebs) cycle in the mitochondrial matrix

9. Krebs Cycle (TCA cycle)
Begins with one Acetyl-CoA molecule (requries two turns to completely oxidize glucose)
Produces:
2 CO2
3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 ATP
For each Acetyl-CoA molecule

10. Electron Transport Chain
Occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria (cristae—folds)
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Within the membrane are transmembrane proteins to pump H+ ions across (creates gradient)
Electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) donate electrons to drive the passage of H+ ions
Last protein oxidizes oxygen into water
Chemiosmosis
At the end of the chain, H+ passes back through the membrane in ATP synthase, which uses the energy from this process to convert ADP back to ATP.
H+ gradient across a membrane used to drive cellular work (movement of H+ ions)

11. In anaerobic situations…
Without oxygen pyruvate cannot enter the mitochondria and begin the Krebs Cycle, oxygen is not present to pull electrons down chain, and the process stops.
Instead pyruvate enters into an alternate pathway to oxidize glucose and generate ATP…
Lactic acid fermentation (pyruvate to lactate)
Regenerates NAD+ for glycolysis
Alcohol fermentation (pyruvate to ethanol)

12. aerobic respiration: cell respiration that requires oxygen (most organisms)
anaerobic respiration (fermentation): cell respiration that occurs without oxygen
oxidative phosphorylation: ATP synthesis powered by redox reactions in ETC (90% of ATP generated by CR)
substrate level phosphorylation: ATP formed by glycolysis and TCA cycle
chemiosmosis: H+ ions move through a membrane to drive cellular work