MORPHOLOGY.

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Presentation transcript:

MORPHOLOGY

MORPHEMES Happy Happily Unhappily Dogcatcher Dogcatchers Happy (1)

Morphology = the study of the structure and classification of words and the units that make up words. Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning. The morpheme cannot be broken down into more meaningful units: friends = friend + plural (he) walks = walk + present tense singular –s rewrite = repetition + write

A free morpheme is a meaningful grammatical unit that can stand alone (friend in friends), (love in lovely). A bound morpheme is a meaningful grammatical unit that cannot stand alone (–s in friends, -ly in lovely).

FREE AND BOUND MORPHEMES lexical functional bound Derivational inflectional

MORPHEMES FREE lexical functional Eat if Finger she Pretty on Bird and BOUND Derivational inflectional (happi)ly (bird)s Re(write) (eat)ing Un(happy) (walk)ed (govern)ment (cheap)er Inflectional morphemes: girl’s, girls, walks, walked, walking, taken, smaller, smallest

AFFIXES AND STEMS Prefix stem suffix apples: apple s ex-wife’s: ex wife ‘s unfriendly: un friend ly Disagree: dis agree

Free morphemes function as stems, bound morphemes as affixes (ie. prefixes or suffixes) However, there are also bound stems: vision, visible, visibility < visi?

Allomorphs: different realisations of the same meaning, eg different plural markers; Cat + s cats /s/ Peas + s peas /z/ Bus + es buses /iz/ Sheep + /Ø/ sheep /Ø/

Use the correct prefix to form the opposite of Approve Bug Expensive Happy Logical Possible

Suffixes which form abstract nouns: - dom freedom - hood childhood - ment amazement - ness worthiness - ship kinship

Suffixes which form concrete nouns: - ant contestant - ee employee - eer pioneer - ist royalist - or survivor

What ford formation processes are the following words a result of? moped babysit sunlight d. movement e. to dirty f. chunnel

What ford formation processes are the following words a result of? housekeep prof Dinky galumph WASP boyhood

What kind of morphemes do these words contain? textbook kindness blackbird actor but buses refusal smallish their meetings yearly asked took unbelievably