Climate Change slides for Exam Two

GCMs General Circulation Models or Global Climate Models Atmospheric Ocean GCMs (AOGCMs) Modeling groups worldwide have developed GCMs IPCC assesses impacts of projected increases in gg and consequences for 21st Century

podcast

Models have become increasingly sophisticated since first IPCC report in 1990 New models use range of gg emission scenarios (RCPs : Representative Concentration Pathways) GG concentration trajectories; represent a range of climate outcomes

RCPs used in Fifth report (2013): 2100 RF relative to 1750 RCP2.6 2.6 RF peaks and declines RCP4.5 4.5 RF stabilizes by 2100 RCP6.0 6.0 RF doesn’t peak by 2100 RCP8.5 8.5

What the models tell us: Temperature Water Cycle Ocean Cryosphere Sea Level Carbon Cycle Climate Change Stabilization, Commitment and Irreversibility

A. Temperature Global surface temperature change by 2100: exceed +1.5°C (relative to 1850 – 1900) Warming will continue beyond 2100 Warming will still show variability and will not be regionally uniform WHAT’S THE BIG DEAL ABOUT 1.5 DEGREES??? “A one-degree global change is significant because it takes a vast amount of heat to warm all the oceans, atmosphere, and land by that much. In the past, a one- to two-degree drop was all it took to plunge the Earth into the Little Ice Age. A five-degree drop was enough to bury a large part of North America under a towering mass of ice 20,000 years ago”.

Increase of global mean surface temperatures for 2081–2100 (late 21st Century) relative to 1986–2005 is projected to be: 0.3°C to 1.7°C 1.1°C to 2.6°C 1.4°C to 3.1°C 2.6°C to 4.8°C Different RCPs

6. Arctic region will warm more rapidly than the global mean warming over land greater than over the ocean 8. more frequent hot and fewer cold temperature extremes over most land areas 9. heat waves will occur with a higher frequency and duration. Occasional cold winter extremes will continue to occur IPCC

B. Water Cycle Changes in the global water cycle will not be uniform. The contrast in precipitation between wet and dry regions and between wet and dry seasons will increase. 1. high latitudes and the equatorial Pacific Ocean are likely to experience an increase in annual mean precipitation by the end of 21st century

2. mid-latitude and subtropical dry regions, mean ppt will likely decrease 3. mid-latitude wet regions, mean ppt will likely increase 4. Extreme precipitation events over most of the mid-latitude land masses and wet tropical regions become more intense and more frequent

5. area experiencing monsoon systems will increase over the 21st century. (While monsoon winds are likely to weaken, monsoon precipitation is likely to intensify ) 6. El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) will remain the dominant mode of interannual variability in the tropical Pacific IPCC

C. Ocean “global ocean will continue to warm during the 21st century. Heat will penetrate from the surface to the deep ocean and affect ocean circulation”. strongest surface ocean warming in tropical and Northern Hemisphere subtropical regions. warming in the top 100 meters: 0.6°C to 2.0°C At greater depth the warming in the Southern Ocean. 1000 m : 0.3°C to 0.6°C

3. Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) will weaken AMOC will undergo collapse in the 21st century. animation

D. Cryosphere Arctic sea ice cover will continue to shrink and thin; Northern Hemisphere spring snow cover will decrease during the 21st century as global mean surface temperature rises. Global glacier volume will further decrease”. Year-round reductions in Arctic sea ice extent are projected by the end of the 21st century 43% to 94% in September and from 8% to 34% in February Arctic sea ice