1. Indicators and Effects of Climate Change

2. Indicators of Climate Change
There are several indicators that help us to perceive changes in global climates.
global warming
changes in polar and glacial ice
rising sea levels and increasing ocean acidity
changing wind and precipitation patterns
changing storm intensity and frequency
Indicators of Climate Change
Effects – All of the above lead to changes in biomes

3. 1. Global Warming The average global temperature is rising
Not convinced? Click on the above picture to link to some “scientific” evidence.

4. 2. Changes in Polar and Glacial Ice
Generally, rising global temperatures have been associated with a decrease in the extent of coverage of the earth’s oceans by sea ice.

5. Changes in Polar and Glacial Ice
Satellite images taken at the same time of year clearly indicate a decline in the arctic polar ice cap in recent decades.

6. Changes in Polar and Glacial Ice
Sea ice thickness has likewise shown substantial decline in recent decades. Using data from submarine cruises, scientists have determined that the mean ice draft at the end of the melt season in the Arctic has decreased by about 1.3 meters between the 1950s and the 1990s.

7. Changes in Polar and Glacial Ice
Canadian glaciers have been melting rapidly since the end of the Little Ice Age about 150 years ago. Continuing climate changes, which are predicted to result from increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, are likely to have a further and significant impact on the glaciers in Canada. Continued glacier shrinkage would contribute to global sea level rise, and increased inputs of fresh water to high latitude oceans might modify ocean currents in the North Atlantic. Some glaciers will ultimately disappear.
                                                                                          

8. 3. Rising Sea Levels
In the past 100 years, sea levels on earth have risen cm. This effect has been attributed to a combination of melting ice and thermal expansion as the temperature of the sea-water has increased as well.
Coastal areas become much more vulnerable to storms and flooding when sea levels are increased.

9. 4. Ocean Acidity CO2(g) + H2O  H2CO3(aq) carbonic acid
As the result of increased levels of carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere, there has been a drop in the surface ocean pH due to increasing acidity levels in the sea water. More CO2(g) leads to a lower pH by driving the following chemical reaction forward.
CO2(g) + H2O  H2CO3(aq) carbonic acid
Rising acidity affects coral reefs which exhibit great amounts of biodiversity. The coral becomes “bleached” in the more acidic environment. The fishing industry may also be affected in the long run.

10. 5. Changing Storm Intensity and Frequency
There is already some evidence for increasing storm intensity. Worldwide, the proportion of hurricanes reaching categories 4 or 5 has risen from 20% in the 1970s to 35% in the 1990s. This trend is predicted to continue, as shown in figure 3. Precipitation hitting the US from hurricanes also increased by 7% during the 20th century.

11. 6. Changing Wind and Precipitation Patterns
The speed, frequency, and direction of winds have fluctuated unpredictably for several years. Increased temperature can also influence precipitation patterns.
According to the above model, where will it get drier over the next several decades? Where will it get wetter?

12. Effects of Climate Change
As earth’s climate changes, there will be changes in the distribution of energy over the earth’s surface.
This will lead to changes in wind speed, wind direction, and patterns of precipitation.
Climate changes can lead to changing biomes which in turn could lead to widespread extinction of various species through:
shrinking wetlands
desertification
deforestation

13. Changing Biomes
While many species could become extinct due to rapid climate shifts, other species may flourish and could move into regions where they were otherwise unknown. These invasive species could put even more pressure on native species and may also introduce diseases that affect humans.
Eg. West Nile virus, and waterborne diseases such as Yellow Fever.
See Figure 7.27 p.297 ON Science 10, McGraw-Hill Ryerson

14. Review Questions
p.299 #1 to 8