Work and Society in the 19th Century The Social Impact of Industrialization

The Factory System Factories changed the very definition of “work” Country to city Outside to inside Healthy to unhealthy Workshops and apprenticeships disappeared Workers entered factories because mechanized agriculture decreased the amount of rural labor necessary McCormack Reaper Barbed Wire

Class Struggle in the 1800s Redistribution of wealth and power in 1800s led to conflict between the traditionally powerful and the nova riche Aristocrats vs. merchants Uprooting of traditional identifications Karl Marx (1818-1883) postulated a new theory of history in the Communist Manifesto claiming that all of history was a conflict between the rich and those they exploit Believed industrialization would increase class warfare The proletariat would rise up to overthrow the bourgeoisie Industry slowly increased wages/benefits and improved working conditions to forestall the type of revolution Marx foretold

Urbanization Cities grew at unprecedented rates in 19th Century Factories were built where people were already concentrated, and people moved to where the factories were Improved transportation facilitated movement and growth Port cities grew rapidly as more goods and materials were moved New York Shanghai Resource extraction for industrialization also led to growth of cities around resource bases San Francisco Johannesburg Melbourne Early industrial cities were poorly planned, quickly built, and extremely dirty Manchester Barcelona

Effects of Urbanization Development of city planning Advances in sewer and water systems Compulsory, universal education systems were developed Make soldiers Make factory workers Keep children out of trouble and out of competition Initial decrease in nutrition Lack of variety Lack of fresh foods

The End of Slavery Three forces opposed slavery Christian evangelism Enlightenment egalitarianism Liberal economics Countries outlawed the slave trade at beginning of 1800s Expected it to bring an end to slavery Ended up raising profits for slavers who could evade authorities Slave owners turned to natural reproduction to increase population British used as justification for further imperial control in Africa Eventually abolitionist pressure led to end of slavery Generally without violence Except Haitian slave rebellion under Toussaint L’Ouverture American Civil War 1861-1865 about many other issues Economic efficiency was the major impetus Also led to end of serfdom in Europe in 1800s Free peasantry and wage workers actually cost less than slaves

Replacing Slaves and Serfs Convict labor used in many places Coolies—poor laborers from India and China, provided with minimal pay—shipped by the millions all over the world Tropical mining projects Sugar Plantations Colonial Railroads (American Transcontinental) Chinese labor created Chinatowns or “Little China” settlements all over world French conquered Indochina in part to solve labor dilemma

Female and Child Labor Industrialization led to significant use of children in factories Urbanization increased demand for domestic servants, bringing women into work force Industrialization of textile manufacture brought women into factories Improvements in mechanization gradually took women and children back out of the industrial machine