Fetal Circulation UNIT B Chapter 10: Circulatory System and Lymphatic System Section 10.5 Fetal Circulation The fetus has circulatory features not present in adult circulation. These are necessary since the lungs are not functional in the fetus. Blood passes directly from the right atrium to the left atrium through the foramen ovale between the atria. Any blood that does not enter the right ventricle and is pumped into the pulmonary trunk is shunted into the aorta by the ductus arteriosus. Umbilical arteries take fetal blood to the placenta, where the exchange of gases and nutrients between maternal blood and fetal blood takes place. The umbilical vein then carries the nutrient and O2-rich blood to the fetus. foramen ovale: the flap dividing the left atrium from the right atrium of the heart ductus arteriosus: structure of the heart associated with fetal circulation; provides a pathway for returning any blood that enters the right ventricle back to the aorta TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

UNIT B Chapter 10: Circulatory System and Lymphatic System Section 10.5 Figure 10.19 Fetal circulation. The lungs are not functional in the fetus, and the blood passes directly from the right atrium to the left atrium or from the right ventricle to the aorta. The umbilical arteries take fetal blood to the placenta, and the umbilical vein returns fetal blood from the placenta. TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

Structure and Function of the Placenta UNIT B Chapter 10: Circulatory System and Lymphatic System Section 10.5 Structure and Function of the Placenta The placenta is attached to the uterine wall by the allantois and chorionic villi. Functions only before birth; becomes part of the afterbirth when child is born Involved in gas, nutrient, and waste exchange between the fetal and maternal circulatory systems Umbilical cord contains the umbilical arteries and vein, which transport waste to the placenta, and take oxygen and nutrients to the fetal circulatory system placenta: an organ that functions in gas, nutrient, and waste exchange between the embryonic (later fetal) and maternal circulatory systems TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

UNIT B Chapter 10: Circulatory System and Lymphatic System Section 10.5 Figure 10.20 The Placenta. At the placenta, an exchange of molecules between fetal and maternal blood takes place across the walls of the chorionic villi. Oxygen and nutrient molecules diffuse into the fetal blood, and carbon dioxide and urea diffuse out of the fetal blood. TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

The Lymphatic System UNIT B Chapter 10: Circulatory System and Lymphatic System Section 10.6 The Lymphatic System The lymphatic system consists of lymphatic vessels and the lymphoid organs. It is closely associated with the circulatory system. The lymphatic system has three main functions: Lymphatic capillaries absorb excess tissue fluid and return it to the bloodstream Lymphatic capillaries absorb fats from the digestive tract and transport them to the bloodstream Lymphoid organs defend the body against disease lymphatic system: a type of organ system consisting of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs; transports lymphs and lipids, and aids the immune system TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

UNIT B Chapter 10: Circulatory System and Lymphatic System Section 10.6 Figure 10.21 Lymphatic system. Lymphatic vessels drain excess fluid from the tissues and return it to the circulatory system. Lymphatic vessels, like circulatory veins, have valves to prevent backward flow. TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

Lymphatic Vessels UNIT B Chapter 10: Circulatory System and Lymphatic System Section 10.6 Lymphatic Vessels Lymphatic vessels form a one-way system that begins with the lymphatic capillaries. Lymphatic capillaries (tiny, closed-ended vessels) absorb excess tissue fluid called lymph. Tissue fluid contains water, solutes (nutrients, electrolytes, oxygen), and cellular products (hormones, enzymes, wastes) lymphatic vessels: a one-way system that carries lymph lymphatic capillaries: collect excess tissue fluid called lymph lymph: tissue fluid contained within lymphatic vessels TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

Movement of Lymph in Lymphatic Vessels UNIT B Chapter 10: Circulatory System and Lymphatic System Section 10.6 Movement of Lymph in Lymphatic Vessels The lymphatic capillaries join to form lymphatic vessels that merge before entering one of two ducts: Thoracic duct: returns lymph collected from the left side of the body into the left subclavian vein Right lymphatic duct: returns lymph collected from the right side of the body into the right subclavian vein TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

Movement of Lymph in Lymphatic Vessels UNIT B Chapter 10: Circulatory System and Lymphatic System Section 10.6 Movement of Lymph in Lymphatic Vessels Lymph percolates through various lymph nodes, where foreign material can be recognized by the immune system Movement of lymph in the lymphatic capillaries is dependent on skeletal muscle contraction One-way valves in the vessels prevent lymph from flowing backward TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

UNIT B Chapter 10: Circulatory System and Lymphatic System Section 10.6 Edema Edema is localized swelling caused by the accumulation of tissue fluid that has not been collected by the lymphatic system. Occurs if too much tissue fluid is made and/or if not enough is drained away Can lead to tissue damage and death TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

UNIT B Chapter 10: Circulatory System and Lymphatic System Section 10.6 Lymphoid Organs Lymphoid organs contain large numbers of lymphocytes (white blood cells involved in adaptive immunity). There are two types of lymphoid organs: Primary lymphoid organs: red bone marrow and thymus, where lymphocytes develop and mature Secondary lymphoid organs: lymph nodes and spleen, where lymphocytes become activated lymphoid organs: organs that contain large number of lymphocytes; can be primary or secondary lymphoid organs lymphocytes: have two major types: B lymphocytes produce antibodies, T lymphocytes can either regulate the responses of other cells or can kill other cells primary lymphoid organs: organs where lymphocytes develop and mature; includes red bone marrow and thymus secondary lymphoid organs: organs in which some lymphocytes become activated; includes lymph nodes and spleen TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

UNIT B Chapter 10: Circulatory System and Lymphatic System Section 10.6 Figure 10.22 The lymphoid organs. The thymus (a) and red bone marrow (b) are the primary lymphoid organs. Blood cells, including lymphocytes, are produced in red bone marrow. B cells mature in the bone marrow. T cells mature in the thymus. The lymph nodes (c) and the spleen (d) are secondary lymphoid organs. Lymph is cleansed in the nodes, and blood is cleansed in the spleen. TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

Primary Lymphoid Organs UNIT B Chapter 10: Circulatory System and Lymphatic System Section 10.6 Primary Lymphoid Organs Red bone marrow Contains a network of connective tissue fibres, along with stem cells that can divide and produce blood cells Lymphocytes begin development in the bone marrow B lymphocytes (B cells) begin in bone marrow and then migrate to secondary lymphoid organs to mature T lymphocytes (T cells) begin in bone marrow and then migrate to the thymus, where they mature and differentiate red bone marrow: a primary lymphoid organ where lymphocytes begin their development; contains a network of connective tissue fibres, along with stem cells that are able to divide and produce blood cells B cells: lymphocytes that remain in bone marrow until mature; also called B lymphocytes T cells: lymphocytes that migrate from bone marrow to the thymus where they mature and differentiate TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

Primary Lymphoid Organs UNIT B Chapter 10: Circulatory System and Lymphatic System Section 10.6 Primary Lymphoid Organs Thymus Connective tissue divides the thymus into lobules, which are filled with T cells and supporting cells Lobules are lined with epithelial cells that secrete hormones called thymosins, which are involved in the differentiation of T cells T cells that react to the body’s own cells undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death) T cells that leave the thymus can react to foreign molecules thymus: a primary lymphoid organ that secretes the hormone thymosins, which aids in the differentiation of T cells TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

Secondary Lymphoid Organs UNIT B Chapter 10: Circulatory System and Lymphatic System Section 10.6 Secondary Lymphoid Organs Spleen Consists of blood vessels and sinuses where macrophages remove old and defective blood cells Also contains small areas of lymphoid tissue, where lymphocytes can react to foreign invaders in the blood May be surgically removed due to trauma or disease, however the body becomes more susceptible to certain types of infections spleen: a secondary lymphoid organ that removes old and defective blood cells, as well as reacts to foreign invaders TO PREVIOUS SLIDE

Secondary Lymphoid Organs UNIT B Chapter 10: Circulatory System and Lymphatic System Section 10.6 Secondary Lymphoid Organs Lymph nodes Occur along lymphatic vessels Connective tissue divides nodes into nodules, each of which contain B cells, T cells, and a sinus As lymph passes through the sinuses, macrophages engulf pathogens in the lymph Cancer cells can enter the lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels and move through to other regions of the body, where they produce secondary tumours (metastasis) lymph nodes: masses of lymphatic tissue located along the course of a lymphatic vessel pathogens: disease-causing agents such as viruses and bacteria TO PREVIOUS SLIDE