Beginning of the year review Spanish 1 grammar

Saying the date Formula = Exception = Example = May 5th Es el (number) de (month) Exception = The first of the month is “Es el primero de (month)” Example = May 5th Es el cinco de mayo Practice: Write the following dates Christmas New years day August 10th Es el veinticinco de diciembre Es el primero de enero Es el diez de agosto

Spanish subject pronouns Subject pronouns replace the name of the person doing the action in a sentence. In English they are I, you, he, she, it, we, and they. Spanish subject pronouns Singular Plural 1st person 2nd person 3rd person yo Nosotros, nosotras tú él ellos ella ellas usted (Ud.) ustedes (Uds.)

SER Nosotros(as) somos Yo soy Tú eres Él es Ellos son ella es Singular Plural 1st person I am = __________________ We are ____________________ 2nd person You (familiar) are ____________ XXX 3rd person He is =____________________ She is=____________________ You(formal) are =___________ it is=______________________ They (m) are=_______________ They (f) are=_______________ all of you are=______________ They (things) are =___________ Nosotros(as) somos Yo soy Tú eres Él es Ellos son ella es Ellas son Ud. es Ustedes son es son

Ser The verb ser is one of two verbs in Spanish that translates as “to be”. The verbs are not interchangeable. Use ser in the following situations: The hour, day, and date nationality Occupation Physical or character description Religious or political affiliation Origin Possession relationship of one person to another certain impersonal expressions where an event is taking place essential qualities The material something is made of “to be” English conjugations I am You are He, she, it is We are They are

Definite and indefinite articles Definition of an article: a small word that comes before a noun and translates as “the, a, an, some”. It must match the item in number and gender. Definite articles refer to something specific. “the” Indefinite articles refer to something in general. “a, an, some” Definite articles Singular Plural Masculine Feminine Indefinite articles Singular Plural Masculine Feminine el los un unos la las una unas

Adjectives Adjectives definition A word that describes or modifies a noun Adjectives in Spanish must match the noun in number and gender Adjectives are generally placed after the noun in the sentence. El carro verde Los carros verdes

Time Telling time Formula = At what time formula = (Es/son) + (la, las) + (hour) + (y/menos) + (minutes) + (Time of day) At what time formula = A + (la, las) + (hour) + (y/menos) + (minutes) + (Time of day) Examples: 1:10 pm __________________________________________________________ 8:30am __________________________________________________________ 7:15 pm __________________________________________________________ 9:45 am __________________________________________________________ Or_________________________________________________________ Es la una y diez de la tarde Son las ocho y media de la mañana Son las siete y cuarto de la noche Son las nueve y cuarenta y cinco de la mañana Son las diez menos cuarto de la mañana

Conjugating –ar verbs Definitions Verb Infinitive Subject Subject pronouns Conjugate Conjugations A word that represents an action or a state of being– “it’s what you do” the simple or basic form of the verb, the unchanged verb with the –ar, -er, or –ir still attached to the end of the word. Generally means “to do something” ex: hablar – to speak the person doing the action Words that replace the person’s name and used as the subject of a noun changing the verb to match the subject the forms of the verb after it has been conjugated or changed to match the subjects

Conjugating –ar, -er, -ir present tense verbs Steps Take off the –ar, -er, -ir ending. Hablar –ar = habl (this is called the stem) Figure out who the subject is Yo, tú, él, ella, usted, nosotros, nosotras, ellos, ellas, ustedes Add the appropriate ending Example: HABLAR Singular Plural 1st person 2nd Person 3rd person emos/ imos o amos o as ais hablamos es hablo eis/ is hablas a an e en habla hablan

Irregular verbs IR, DAR, and Estar Conjugations and translations To be To give Estar = ____________ Ir = __________ To go Dar = ____________ voy vamos doy damos estoy estamos vas vais das daís estás estais va van da dan está están

IR The verb ir and its conjugations are generally followed by “a” To say you are going to do something formula (ir) + a + (infinitive) To say you are going to some place formula (ir) + a + (article) + (noun) Contractions: _______ + _______ = ________ (to the, at the) _______ + _______ = ________ (of the, from the) Voy a estudiar vamos a la escuela a el al de el del

Estar This verb is not interchangeable with ser! Usage Rhyme: How you feel and where you are, you always use the verb estar. Health, feelings, location, emotions, present progressive tense

Review part 2

Present progressive tense The present progressive is used in Spanish to express an action that is presently going on—an action in progress. The present progressive is formed by using the present tense of the verb estar and the present participle—speaking, doing. To form the present participle of most verbs in Spanish you drop the ending of the infinitive and add -ando to the stem of -ar verbs and -iendo to the stem of -er and -ir verbs. Note that the verbs leer and traer have a y in the present participle. leyendo trayendo

Saber y conocer in the present tense The verb saber means to know a fact or to have information about something. It also means to know how to do something. The verb conocer means to know in the sense of to be acquainted with. It is used to talk about people and complex or abstract concepts rather than simple facts.

Saber y conocer in the present tense The verbs saber and conocer both mean to know. Note that like many Spanish verbs they have an irregular yo form in the present tense. All other forms are regular. Present saber Singular Plural 1st person 2nd Person 3rd person Present conocer Singular Plural 1st person 2nd Person 3rd person sé sabemos conozco conocemos sabes conoces sabe saben conoce conocen

Present tense “go” verbs The verbs hacer (to do, to make), poner, traer (to bring), and salir have an irregular yo form. The yo form has a g. All other forms are the same as those of a regular -er or -ir verb. hacer poner traer salir Yo Tú Él,ella, ud. Nosotros Ellos, ellas, Uds. hago pongo traigo salgo haces pones traes sales hace pone trae sale hacemos ponemos traemos salimos g hacen ponen traen salen Beware of the sneaky “g”

Present tense “go” verbs The verb venir (to come) also has an irregular yo form. It conjugates like the verb tener. It is an e-ie stemchanger. Present venir Singular Plural 1st person 2nd Person 3rd person vengo venimos vienes viene vienen

Direct object pronouns The object that directly receives the action of the verb is called the direct object. The direct object answers the question "what?" or "whom?" with regard to what the subject of the sentence is doing. When the pronoun replaces the name of the direct object, use the following pronouns: In sentences with two verbs, there are two options regarding the placement of the direct object pronoun. 1. Place it immediately before the conjugated verb. 2. Attach it directly to the infinitive. DOPNs Singular Plural 1st person Me= ________ Us = ________ 2nd Person You = ________ 3rd person Him = ________ Her = ________ You/It = ________ Them (m) _______ Them (fem) _____ Y’all ___________ nos me te lo los la las Lo/la Los/las

Indirect object pronouns The indirect object (IO) tells us where the direct object (DO) is going. The indirect object answers the question "To whom?" or "For whom?" the action of the verb is performed. Sentences that have an indirect object usually also have a direct object. Remember, the IO tells us where the DO is going. Sometimes the direct object is not stated; rather it is implied, or understood.

Indirect object pronouns When a pronoun takes the place of the name of the indirect object, use the following pronouns: IDOPNs Singular Plural 1st person (to/for) Me= ________ (to/for) Us = ________ 2nd Person (to/for) You = ________ 3rd person (to/for) Him = ________ (to/for) Her = ________ (to/for) You/It = ________ (to/for) Them (m) _______ (to/for) Them (fem) _____ (to/for) Y’all ___________ nos me te le les le les le les The IO pronouns le and les present a special problem because they are ambiguous. Since le and les can mean more than one thing, a prepositional phrase is often added to remove the ambiguity or for emphasis

Reflexive verbs A verb is reflexive when the subject and the object are the same When a verb is reflexive, the infinitive ends in "se." The reflexive pronouns are me, te, se, nos, se Steps to conjugating Cut Fling Flop Chopsuey (switch-a-roonie) Schmoosh me lav ar o se Cut off the “se” Fling “se” in front of the verb Flop “se” over into me, te, se, nos, or se to match the subject Chop off –ar, -er, -ir Swich the stem if necessary Add the appropriate ending

Preterite of regular –ar verbs The preterite is used for past actions that are seen as completed. The preterite of regular -ar verbs is formed by dropping the infinitive ending -ar and adding the appropriate endings to the stem. Note that verbs that end in ______, ______, and ______ have a spelling change in the ______ form. _______ = _______ Pret. –ar endings Singular Plural 1st person 2nd Person 3rd person car gar zar yo é amos car aste qué gar gué ó aron zar cé

Preterite of regular –er and –ir verbs Both regular –er and –ir verbs have the same set of endings Pret. Er/ir endings Singular Plural 1st person 2nd Person 3rd person í imos iste ió ieron

Ser and Ir in the preterite The verbs ir and ser are irregular in the preterite tense The context in which each verb is used in the sentence will clarify the meaning. The verb ser is not used very often in the preterite. Pret. Of ser and ir Singular Plural 1st person 2nd Person 3rd person fui fuimos fuiste fue fueron

Dar and Ver in the preterite The preterite endings of the verbs dar and ver are the same as those of regular -er and -ir verbs, except for the accent marks. Pret. dar Singular Plural 1st person 2nd Person 3rd person Pret. ver Singular Plural 1st person 2nd Person 3rd person di dimos vi vimos diste viste dio dieron vio vieron